Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland
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In Ireland, "publication or utterance of blasphemous matter", defamatory of any religion, was a criminal offence until 17 January 2020. It was a requirement of the 1937 Constitution until removed after a 2018 referendum. The common law offence of blasphemous libel, applicable only to Christianity and last prosecuted in 1855,[1][lower-alpha 1] was believed to fulfil the constitutional requirement until a 1999 ruling that it was incompatible with the constitution's guarantee of religious equality.[4] The Defamation Act 2009 included a provision intended to fill the lacuna while being "virtually impossible" to enforce,[5] and no prosecution was made under it.[6] The 2009 statute increased controversy, with proponents of freedom of speech and freedom of religion arguing for amending the constitution.[7] After the 2018 constitutional amendment, a separate bill to repeal the 2009 provision and residual references to blasphemy was enacted in 2019 by the Oireachtas (parliament) and came into force in 2020. The Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989, which includes religion among the characteristics protected from incitement to hatred, remains in force.[8]