Ga language

Not to be confused with Gaa language, Kaansa language, or Gan Chinese.

For the language with ISO 639-1 code "ga", see Irish language.

Ga is a Kwa language spoken in Ghana, in and around the capital Accra, by the Ga people. There are also some speakers in Togo, Benin and western Nigeria.^{[not verified in body]} It has a phonemic distinction between three vowel lengths.^{[not verified in body]}

Ga
Gã
Pronunciation	[ɡã]
Native to	Ghana
Region	South-eastern Ghana, around Accra
Ethnicity	Ga
Native speakers	745,000 (2016)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Kwa Ga–Dangme Ga
Writing system	Latin (Ga alphabet) Ghanaian braille
Official status
Official language in	None. Government sponsored language.
Language codes
ISO 639-2	gaa
ISO 639-3	gaa
Glottolog	gaaa1244
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Samuel Okpoti speaking Ga in Ghana.

Classification

Ga is a Kwa language, part of the Niger–Congo family. It is very closely related to Adangme, and together they form the Ga–Dangme branch within Kwa.

Ga is the predominant language of the Ga people, an ethnic group of Ghana. Ethnic Ga family names (surnames) include Owoo, Lartey, Nortey, Aryee, Lamptey, Tetteh, Ankrah, Tetteyfio, Laryea, Ayitey, Okine, Bortey, Quarshie, Quaye, Quaynor, Ashong, Kotei, Clottey, Nai, Sowah, Odoi, Maale, Ako, Adjetey, Annang, Yemoh,and Abbey.

Geographic distribution

Ga is spoken in south-eastern Ghana, in and around the capital Accra. It has relatively little dialectal variation. Although English is the official language of Ghana, Ga is one of 16 languages in which the Bureau of Ghana Languages publishes material.

Phonology

Consonants

Ga has 31 consonant phonemes.

Consonant phonemes

	Labial		Dental		Postalveolar and palatal				Velar				Labial- velar		Glottal
					Plain		Labialized		Plain		Lab.v				Plain	Lab.
Nasal	m		n		ɲ				ŋ				ŋ͡m
Stop	p	b	t	d	tʃ	dʒ	tʃʷ	dʒʷ	k	ɡ	kʷ	ɡʷ	k͡p	ɡ͡b
Fricative	f	v	s	z	ʃ		ʃʷ								h	hʷ
Approximant			l		j		ɥ						w

• [ŋʷ] is an allophone of /w/ which occurs before nasals and is represented with its own digraph in writing.
• /l/ may be realised as [ɹ] when between a consonant and vowel
• /j/ has an allophone [ɲ] before nasal vowels

Vowels

Ga has seven oral vowels and five nasal vowels. All of the vowels have three different vowel lengths: short, long or extra long (the latter appears only in the simple future and the simple past negative forms).

Monophthongs

	Front		Central		Back
	oral	nasal	oral	nasal	oral	nasal
Close	i	ĩ			u	ũ
Close-mid	e				o
Open-mid	ɛ	ɛ̃			ɔ	ɔ̃
Open			a	ã

Tones

Ga has two tones, high and low. Like many West African languages, it has tone terracing.

Phonotactics

The syllable structure of Ga is (C)(C)V(C), where the second phoneme of an initial consonant cluster can only be /l/ and a final consonant may only be a (short or long) nasal consonant, e.g. ekome, "one", V-CV-CV; kakadaŋŋ, "long", CV-CV-CVC; mli, "inside", CCV. Ga syllables may also consist solely of a syllabic nasal, for example in the first syllable of ŋshɔ, "sea".

Writing system

Ga alphabet of 1828

Ga was first written in about 1764, by Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769), who was the son of a Danish soldier and a Ga woman.^[2][3][4][5] Protten was a Gold Coast Euro-African Moravian missionary and educator in the eighteenth century. In the mid-1800s, the Germany missionary Johannes Zimmermann (1825–1876), assisted by the Gold Coast historian Carl Christian Reindorf (1834–1917) and others, worked extensively on the grammar of the language, published a dictionary and translated the entire Bible into the Ga language.^[6][7][8][9] The orthography has been revised a number of times since 1968, with the most recent review in 1990.

The writing system is a Latin-based alphabet and has 26 letters. It has three additional letter symbols which correspond to the IPA symbols. There are also eleven digraphs and two trigraphs. Vowel length is represented by doubling or tripling the vowel symbol, e.g. 'a', 'aa' and 'aaa'. Tones are not represented. Nasalisation is represented after oral consonants where it distinguishes between minimal pairs.

The Ga alphabet is:

Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ɛɛ, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ŋŋ, Oo, Ɔɔ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Yy, Zz

The following letters represent sounds which do not correspond with the same letter as the IPA symbol (e.g. B represents /b/):

• J j - /d͡ʒ/
• Y y - /j/

Digraphs and trigraphs:

• Gb gb - /ɡ͡b/
• Gw gw - /ɡʷ/
• Hw hw - /hʷ/
• Jw jw - /d͡ʒʷ/
• Kp kp - /k͡p/
• Kw kw - /kʷ/
• Ny ny - /ɲ/
• Ŋm ŋm - /ŋ͡m/
• Ŋw ŋw - [ŋʷ] (an allophone rather than a phoneme)
• Sh sh - /ʃ/
• Ts ts - /t͡ʃ/
• Shw shw - /ʃʷ/
• Tsw tsw - /t͡ʃʷ/

Oral literature

In his 1865 collection, Wit and Wisdom from West Africa, Richard Francis Burton published over 200 Ga proverbs and sayings with English translations,^[10] taken from Johannes Zimmermann's Grammatical Sketch of the Akra Language. Here are some of those sayings:

• "Tutsofa ke la yee." "Gunpowder and fire do not agree." (#7)
• "Ke dse na le, gbomei fe dio." "If it is dark, all men are black." (#11)
• "Nu ni ake-bagbe la le, ataoole kronkron." "Clear water is not wanted for quenching fire." (#13)
• "Ake hinmeii enyo kwee to mli." "Not with both eyes people look into a bottle." (#15)

See also

• Ga people
• Languages of Ghana
• Christian Jacob Protten
• Carl Christian Reindorf
• Johannes Zimmermann