Melanocyte-inhibiting factor
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Melanocyte-inhibiting factor (also known as Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, Melanostatin, MSH release–inhibiting hormone or MIF-1) is an endogenous peptide fragment derived from cleavage of the hormone oxytocin, but having generally different actions in the body.[1][2] MIF-1 produces multiple effects, both blocking the effects of opioid receptor activation,[3][4][5][6][7][8] while at the same time acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the D2 and D4 dopamine receptor subtypes,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] as well as inhibiting release of other neuropeptides such as alpha-MSH,[18][19][20] and potentiating melatonin activity.[21]
Clinical data | |
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MedlinePlus | a605038 |
Routes of administration | IV |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 100% (injected) |
Metabolism | plasma protease enzymes |
Excretion | N/A |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.276 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C13H24N4O3 |
Molar mass | 284.360 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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This complex mix of actions produces a profile of antidepressant,[22][23][24] nootropic,[25][26][27][28] and anti-Parkinsonian effects when MIF-1 is administered,[29][30][31] and it has been investigated for various medical uses. MIF-1 is unusually resistant to metabolism in the bloodstream,[32] and crosses the blood–brain barrier easily,[33][34] though it is poorly active orally and is usually injected. Several other closely related peptides with important actions in the body include Tyr-MIF-1 and endomorphin-1 and -2.[35][36][37][38][39]