Neodymium

Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is the fourth member of the lanthanide series and is considered to be one of the rare-earth metals. It is a hard, slightly malleable, silvery metal that quickly tarnishes in air and moisture. When oxidized, neodymium reacts quickly producing pink, purple/blue and yellow compounds in the +2, +3 and +4 oxidation states. It is generally regarded as having one of the most complex spectra of the elements.[6] Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, who also discovered praseodymium. It is present in significant quantities in the minerals monazite and bastnäsite. Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. Neodymium is fairly common—about as common as cobalt, nickel, or copper and is widely distributed in the Earth's crust.[7] Most of the world's commercial neodymium is mined in China, as is the case with many other rare-earth metals.

Quick facts: Neodymium, Pronunciation, Appearance, Standar... ▼

Neodymium, ₆₀Nd

Neodymium
Pronunciation	/ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm/ ​(NEE-oh-DIM-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Nd)
	144.242±0.003 144.24±0.01 (abridged)[1]
Neodymium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Nd ↓ U praseodymium ← neodymium → promethium
Atomic number (Z)	60
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 6
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f4 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1297 K ​(1024 °C, ​1875 °F)
Boiling point	3347 K ​(3074 °C, ​5565 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	7.01 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.89 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	7.14 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	289 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	27.45 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1595 1774 1998 (2296) (2715) (3336)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0,[2] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.14
Ionization energies	1st: 533.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1040 kJ/mol 3rd: 2130 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 181 pm
Covalent radius	201±6 pm
Spectral lines of neodymium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	2330 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	α, poly: 9.6 µm/(m⋅K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity	16.5 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 643 nΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic below 20 K[3]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+5628.0×10−6 cm3/mol (287.7 K)[4]
Young's modulus	α form: 41.4 GPa
Shear modulus	α form: 16.3 GPa
Bulk modulus	α form: 31.8 GPa
Poisson ratio	α form: 0.281
Vickers hardness	345–745 MPa
Brinell hardness	265–700 MPa
CAS Number	7440-00-8
History
Discovery	Carl Gustaf Mosander (1841)
First isolation	Carl Auer von Welsbach (1885)
Named by	Carl Auer von Welsbach (1885)
Isotopes of neodymium v e
Main isotopes[5] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 142Nd 27.2% stable 143Nd 12.2% stable 144Nd 23.8% 2.29×1015 y α 140Ce 145Nd 8.3% stable 146Nd 17.2% stable 148Nd 5.80% stable 150Nd 5.60% 6.7×1018 y β−β− 150Sm
Category: Neodymium view talk edit | references

Neodymium compounds were first commercially used as glass dyes in 1927 and remain a popular additive. The color of neodymium compounds comes from the Nd³⁺ ion and is often a reddish-purple. However, this changes with the type of lighting because of the interaction of the sharp light absorption bands of neodymium with ambient light enriched with the sharp visible emission bands of mercury, trivalent europium or terbium. Neodymium-doped glasses are used in lasers that emit infrared with wavelengths between 1047 and 1062 nanometers. These lasers have been used in extremely high-power applications, such as experiments in inertial confinement fusion. Neodymium is also used with various other substrate crystals, such as yttrium aluminium garnet in the Nd:YAG laser.

Neodymium alloys are used to make high-strength neodymium magnets, a powerful permanent magnet.[8] These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. Larger neodymium magnets are used in electric motors with a high power-to-weight ratio (e.g., in hybrid cars) and generators (e.g., aircraft and wind turbine electric generators).[9]