Paraquat
Chemical compound used as an herbicide / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Paraquat (trivial name; /ˈpærəkwɒt/), or N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (systematic name), also known as methyl viologen, is an organic compound with the chemical formula [(C6H7N)2]Cl2. It is classified as a viologen, a family of redox-active heterocycles of similar structure.[5] This salt is one of the most widely used herbicides. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic (lethal) to human beings and animals due to its redox activity, which produces superoxide anions. It has been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease[6][7] and is banned in 58 countries.[8][9]
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
1,1′-Dimethyl[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium dichloride | |
Other names
Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; MVCl2; Crisquat; Dexuron; Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col; Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501; Bai Cao Ku. | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) |
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ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.015 |
PubChem CID |
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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Properties | |
C12H14Cl2N2 | |
Molar mass | 257.16 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Yellow solid[1] |
Odor | faint, ammonia-like[1] |
Density | 1.25 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 175 to 180 °C (347 to 356 °F; 448 to 453 K)[2] |
Boiling point | > 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)[2] |
High | |
Vapor pressure | <0.0000001 mmHg (20 °C)[1] |
Hazards | |
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards |
Toxic, environmental hazard |
GHS labelling: | |
H301, H311, H315, H319, H330, H335, H372, H410[3] | |
P260, P273, P280, P284, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338 | |
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose) |
57 mg/kg (rat, oral) 120 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 25 mg/kg (dog, oral) 22 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)[4] |
LC50 (median concentration) |
3 mg/m3 (mouse, 30 min respirable dust) 3 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 30 min respirable dust)[4] |
LCLo (lowest published) |
1 mg/m3 (rat, respirable dust, 6 h) 6400 mg/m3 (rat, nonrespirable dust, 4 h)[4] |
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible) |
TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (resp) [skin][1] |
REL (Recommended) |
TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin][1] |
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
1 mg/m3[1] |
Safety data sheet (SDS) | Aldrich MSDS |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Paraquat may be in the form of salt with chloride or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion).
The name is derived from the para positions of the quaternary nitrogens.