Pawnee language
Endangered Caddoan language of Oklahoma, US From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Endangered Caddoan language of Oklahoma, US From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Pawnee language is a Caddoan language traditionally spoken by Pawnee Native Americans, currently inhabiting north-central Oklahoma. Historically, the Pawnee lived along the Platte River in what is now Nebraska.
| Pawnee | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | North-central Oklahoma |
| Ethnicity | 2,500 Pawnee (2007) |
Native speakers | < 10 (2007)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | paw |
| Glottolog | pawn1254 |
| ELP | Pawnee |
| Linguasphere | 64-BAB-b |
Pre-contact distribution of Pawnee | |
 Pawnee is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Two important dialect divisions are evident in Pawnee: South Band and Skiri. The distinction between the two dialects rests on differences in their respective phonetic inventory and lexicon. The Skiri dialect became extinct in 2001 with the death of Lula Nora Pratt.[2]
As of 2007, there are fewer than 10 native speakers, all elderly. The Pawnee Nation is developing teaching materials for the local high school and for adult language classes. There are also extensive documentary materials in the language archived at the American Indian Studies Research Institute.[3] The Pawnee language can be heard spoken in the 2015 movie The Revenant.[4] In 2019 and 2020, the Pawnee Nation posted online videos teaching the Pawnee language.[5]
The following describes the South Band dialect.
Pawnee has eight consonant phonemes, and according to one analysis of medial- and final-position glottal stops, one may posit a ninth consonant phoneme.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | (ʔ) |
| Affricate | ts | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||
| Approximant | w |
Pawnee has four short vowel phonemes and four long counterparts (also phonemic).
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i/iː | u/uː |
| Mid-low | e/eː | a/aː |
Pawnee is an ergative-absolutive polysynthetic language.
The Pawnee alphabet has nine consonants and eight vowels. The letters are relatively similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts.
| Spelling | Sound (IPA) | English equivalents |
|---|---|---|
| p | p | poke, cup |
| t | t | top, cat |
| k | k | cool, stuck |
| c | ʃ ~ ts | shell, push ~ pants |
| s | s | silly, face |
| h | h | heart, ahead |
| r | r | car, ferry |
| w | w | wacky, away |
| ′ | ʔ | The "-" in uh-oh |
| Spelling | Sound (IPA) | English equivalents |
|---|---|---|
| i | ɪ | sit |
| ii | i | feed |
| e | ɛ | red |
| ee | eɪ | paid |
| a | ʌ | nut |
| aa | ɑ | father |
| u | ʊ | book |
| uu | u | rude |
Here are other alphabets that are used sometimes in Pawnee texts.
| a | â | c | č | e | ê | h | i | î | k | p | r | s | t | u | û | w | ‘ |
| a | aa | ch | e | ee | h | i | ii | k | o | oo | p | r | s | t | ts | u | uu | w | ‘ |
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