Pemoline
Stimulant, used in the treatment of ADHD / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pemoline, sold under the brand name Cylert among others, is a stimulant medication which has been used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[2] It has been discontinued in most countries due to rare but serious problems with liver toxicity.[4][5] The medication was taken by mouth.[2]
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Trade names | Cylert, others |
Other names | Pheniminooxazolidinone; Phenylisohydantoin; Phenylpseudohydantoin; Phenilone; 2-Imino-5-phenyl-4-oxazolidinone; 2-Amino-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
Routes of administration | Oral[1][2] |
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Protein binding | ≤50%[2][1] |
Metabolism | Liver[2] |
Metabolites | Various[2] |
Elimination half-life | 7–12 hours[1][2] |
Excretion | Mainly urine[2] |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.763 |
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Formula | C9H8N2O2 |
Molar mass | 176.175 g·mol−1 |
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Chirality | Racemic mixture |
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Side effects of pemoline include insomnia, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, irritability, and headaches.[1][2] Rarely, the medication can cause serious liver damage, and this can result in liver transplantation or death.[6][7] Pemoline is a psychostimulant and acts as a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent.[1][8][2] Hence, it functions as an indirect agonist of dopamine receptors.[9] Pemoline has little effect on norepinephrine and hence has minimal or no cardiovascular or sympathomimetic effects, in contrast to many other stimulants.[1][8][2]
Pemoline was synthesized in 1913 but was not discovered to be a stimulant until the 1930s and was not used in the treatment of ADHD until 1975.[10][11][1] It was withdrawn due to liver toxicity in many countries between 1997 and 2005, including the United States.[12][7][13] However, it remains available in Japan for the treatment of narcolepsy at lower doses than used for ADHD.[5] Pemoline is a schedule IV controlled substance in the United States due to its relation to other stimulants and a potential for misuse.[14][15] It seems to have less misuse potential than other stimulants.[1]