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Semi-parliamentary system
Form of government / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Semi-parliamentary system can refer to one of the following:
- a prime-ministerial system, in which voters simultaneously vote for both members of legislature and the prime minister[1]
- a system of government in which the legislature is split into two parts that are both directly elected – one that has the power to remove the members of the executive by a vote of no confidence and another that does not.[2]
![]() | It has been suggested that the section about Steffen Ganghof's semi-parliamentarism be split out and merged into the article titled Bicameralism, which already exists. (Discuss) (June 2024) |
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Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
Presidential system: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
Hybrid systems:
Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.
The former was first proposed by Maurice Duverger, who used it to refer to Israel from 1996 to 2001.[1] The second was identified by German academic Steffen Ganghof.[2]
Like semi-presidential systems, semi-parliamentary systems are a strongly rationalized form of parliamentary systems. After Israel decided to abolish the direct election of prime ministers in 2001, there are no national prime-ministerial systems in the world; however, a prime-ministerial system is used in Israeli and Italian cities and towns to elect mayors and councils. There are two national and five subnational examples of the other type of semi-parliamentarism still in existence today—the national examples of Australia and Japan and the subnational examples of the five bicameral Australian states.[2]