Voiced pharyngeal fricative

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʕ⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Voiced pharyngeal fricative

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʕ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Quick Facts ʕ, IPA number ...
Voiced pharyngeal fricative
ʕ
IPA number145
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʕ
Unicode (hex)U+0295
X-SAMPA?\
Braille
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Quick Facts ʕ̞, Image ...
Voiced pharyngeal approximant
ʕ̞
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Quick Facts Non-syllabic open back unrounded vowel, ɑ̯ ...
Non-syllabic open back unrounded vowel
ɑ̯
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Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, [ʕ] is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation.

The IPA letter ʕ is caseless. Capital and lower-case are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:

Occurrence

Summarize
Perspective
Thumb
Thumb
Cased forms of the IPA letter in the Pilaga alphabet. They have been accepted by Unicode.

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate /ʕ/ sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ], an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞],[1] or a pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ].[2]

More information Language, Word ...
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AbazaгӀапынхъамыз/g'apynkh"amyz[ʕaːpənqaːməz]'March'
Afar damaqtu [dʌmʌʕtu] 'male baboon'
Arabicاَلْـعَـرَبِيَّةُ/al-ʽarabiyya[alʕaraˈbijːa]'Arabic'See Arabic phonology
AssyrianEasternܬܪܥܐ/täroa[tʌrʕɑ]'door'

The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as [tʌrɑ].

Western[tʌrʕɔ]
AvarгӀоркь/orꝗ/ۈرڨ[ʕortɬʼː]'handle'
ChechenӀан/jan/عـآن[ʕan]'winter'
Coeur d'Alene[3] stʕin [stʕin] 'antelope'
DanishStandard[4]ravn[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn]'raven'An approximant;[4] also described as uvular [ʁ].[5] See Danish phonology
Dhao[6] [ʕaa] 'and' Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.
DutchLimburg[7]rad[ʕ̞ɑt]'wheel'An approximant; a possible realization of /r/.[7] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
GermanSome speakers[8]Mutter[ˈmutɔʕ̞]'mother'An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol.[8] See Standard German phonology
Swabian dialect[9]ändard[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]'changes'An approximant.[9] It's an allophone of /ʁ/ in nucleus and coda positions;[9] pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.[9]
HebrewIraqiעִבְרִית/ʿivrît[ʕibˈriːθ]'Hebrew language'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi[ʕivˈɾit]
Yemenite[ʕivˈriːθ]
Ingush ӏаддал [ʕaddal] 'Archer'
Judaeo-SpanishHaketiaˁagzan[ʕaɡˈzan]'lazy'Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
Kabyle[10]ɛemmi[ʕəmːi]'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish Kurmanji ewr/'ewr [ʕɜwr] 'cloud' The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but ' can be used.
Khalaj Standard an [jɑːɑ̯n] 'side'
Luwatiقلـعـة[qilʕa]'castle'Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay Kedah باکـر/bakar [ba.kaʕ] 'burn' Allophone of /r/ as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [ɣ] for some speakers.[11]
Nuu-chah-nulth ʕiiniƛ [ʕiːnitɬ] 'dog' May be a plosive /ʡ/
OccitanSouthern Auvergnat[citation needed]pala[ˈpaʕa]'shovel'See Occitan phonology
Okanagan[12] ʕaymt [ʕajmt] 'angry'
Somalicunto/𐒋𐒚𐒒𐒂𐒙[ʕunto]'food'See Somali phonology
SiouxStoneymarazhud[maʕaʒud]'rain'
Ukrainianголос[ˈʕɔlos]'voice'Also described as glottal [ɦ]. See Ukrainian phonology
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See also

Citations

General references

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