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Ingush language

Northeast Caucasian language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ingush language
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Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/; Гӏалгӏай мотт, Ghalghai mott, pronounced [ˈʁəlʁɑj mot]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 350,000 people,[2] known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia, as well as the countries Turkey, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, et al.[4]

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Classification

Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats, constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.[5]

Dialects

Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galanchoz [ru] (native name: Галай-Чӏож/Галайн-Чӏаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush.[6]

Geographic distribution

Ingush is spoken by about 350,000-400,000 people (2020) in Russia, primarily in the North Caucasian republics of Ingushetia, North Ossetia and Chechnya. Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and Jordan.[2][4]

Official status

Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia, a federal subject of Russia.

Phonology

Vowels

More information Front, Central ...

The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.

Consonants

The consonants of Ingush are as follows,[7] including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols:[8]

More information Labial, Dental ...

Single consonants can be geminated by various morphophonemic processes.

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Writing system

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It is possible that during the period of 8–12th century, when the Temples like Tkhaba-Yerdy emerged in Ingushetia, a writing system based on a Georgian script emerged. This is attested by the fact that a non-Georgian name, 'Enola', was found written on the arc of Tkhaba-Yerdy.[9] Furthermore, Georgian text was found on archaeological items in Ingushetia that could not be deciphered.[10]

Ingush became a written language with an Arabic-based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century.

More information Lettres arabes, Cyrillic equivalents ...

After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by Cyrillic.

А а Аь аь Б б В в Г г Гӏ гӏ Д д Е е
Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Кх кх Къ къ
Кӏ кӏ Л л М м Н н О о П п Пӏ пӏ Р р
С с Т т Тӏ тӏ У у Ф ф Х х Хь хь Хӏ хӏ
Ц ц Цӏ цӏ Ч ч Чӏ чӏ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Яь яь Ӏ ӏ
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Grammar

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Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax, though it has ergative morphology.[12][13]

Case

The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language[13] shows eight cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumental, lative and comparative.

More information Cases, Singular ...
  1. The choice of -azh vs. -ii is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.
  2. -uo is the only productive form. -z appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. -aa occurs with some declensions and is increasingly unproductive in colloquial use.
  3. Allomorph after vowels

Tenses

More information Stem, Suffix ...

Numerals

Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.

More information Orthography, Phonetic ...
  1. Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. d- is merely the default value.

Pronouns

More information 1st person, 2nd person ...

Word order

In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".[16]

Muusaa

Musa

vy

V.PROG

hwuona

2S.DAT

telefon

telephone

jettazh

strike.CVsim

Muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazh

Musa V.PROG 2S.DAT telephone strike.CVsim

It's Musa on the phone for you. (After answering the phone.)

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References

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Bibliography

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