1819 - Wikiwand

1819 (MDCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1819th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 819th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1819, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

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Quick Facts

1819 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1819 MDCCCXIX
Ab urbe condita	2572
Armenian calendar	1268 ԹՎ ՌՄԿԸ
Assyrian calendar	6569
Balinese saka calendar	1740–1741
Bengali calendar	1225–1226
Berber calendar	2769
British Regnal year	59 Geo. 3 – 60 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar	2363
Burmese calendar	1181
Byzantine calendar	7327–7328
Chinese calendar	戊寅年 (Earth Tiger) 4516 or 4309 — to — 己卯年 (Earth Rabbit) 4517 or 4310
Coptic calendar	1535–1536
Discordian calendar	2985
Ethiopian calendar	1811–1812
Hebrew calendar	5579–5580
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1875–1876
- Shaka Samvat	1740–1741
- Kali Yuga	4919–4920
Holocene calendar	11819
Igbo calendar	819–820
Iranian calendar	1197–1198
Islamic calendar	1234–1235
Japanese calendar	Bunsei 2 (文政２年)
Javanese calendar	1746–1747
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4152
Minguo calendar	93 before ROC 民前93年
Nanakshahi calendar	351
Thai solar calendar	2361–2362
Tibetan calendar	ས་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Earth-Tiger) 1945 or 1564 or 792 — to — ས་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Earth-Hare) 1946 or 1565 or 793

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Events

January–March

January 2 – The Panic of 1819, the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States, begins.
January 25 – Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia.
January 29 – Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.
February 2 – Dartmouth College v. Woodward: The Supreme Court of the United States under John Marshall rules in favor of Dartmouth College, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.
February 6 – The Treaty of Singapore, is signed between Hussein Shah of Johor and Sir Stamford Raffles of Britain, to create a trading settlement in Singapore.
February 15 – The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment, barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise).
February 19 – Captain William Smith of British merchant brig Williams sights Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, the first land discovered south of latitude 60° S.
February 22 – Adams–Onís Treaty: Agreement is reached for Spain to cede Florida (already under USA's domination) to the United States in exchange for renunciation of American claims on Texas arising from the Louisiana Purchase, American payment of $5 million to settle citizens' claims regarding Florida,^[1] and definition of international borders. Following ratification, the treaty took effect in 1821.
March 1 – The U.S. naval vessel USS Columbus is launched on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C.
March 6 – McCulloch v. Maryland: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional.
March 20 – Burlington Arcade opens in London.
March 23 – In Mannheim, Duchy of Baden, German dramatist August von Kotzebue is assassinated by Karl Ludwig Sand.

April–June

April 6–June 21 – The French slave ship Le Rodeur sails from Bonny in West Africa to Guadeloupe in the West Indies. In the course of the transatlantic voyage many onboard become blind, and 30 slaves are thrown overboard as a consequence.^[2]
April 7 (N.S.) (March 26 O.S.) – The Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
May 22 – The SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam. The ship arrives at Liverpool, England, nearly a month later, on June 20.
May 22 – The city of Memphis, Tennessee, is founded.
June 16 – The Rann of Kutch earthquake, estimated at at least 7.7 M_w kills at least 1,543 people in India in what is now the state of Gujarat at the Arabian Sea, causing an 80–150 km (50–93 mi) stretch of land to be raised as much as 6 m (20 ft) and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.

July–September

July 1 – German astronomer Johann Georg Tralles discovers what will be called the Great Comet of 1819.^[3]
July 21 – Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel.^[4]
July 24 – A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool to discuss an investigative report of an adulterous affair involving the wife of George, Prince of Wales, the regent for his ailing father King George III. Despite reports that Princess Caroline is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation.^[5]
July 30 – At Edwardsville, Illinois, the United States concludes a treaty with the Kickapoo tribe, receiving their lands in return for their relocation to Missouri.^[6]
August 2 – The first Hep-Hep riots, communal pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews in the German Federation begin at Würzburg in Bavaria. They continue until October with many Jews killed.
August 6 – Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.
August 7 – Battle of Boyacá: Simón Bolívar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from Spanish rule.
August 16 – Peterloo Massacre: A yeomanry unit charges into a crowd of radical protesters in Manchester, England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.
August 25 – Salon of 1819 opens in Paris. Amongst the exhibits is The Raft of the Medusa.
September 8 – The Balloon Riot occurs in the U.S. at Vauxhall Garden in Philadelphia after guards beat a boy unconscious when he attempts to avoid buying a ticket. Crowds break down the fence and rip the hot air balloon to pieces.^[7]
September 20 – The Carlsbad Decrees are issued throughout the German Confederation in response to the March assassination of August von Kotzebue, suppressing liberal and nationalist views.

October–December

October 13 – A treaty is entered between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company, placing the Cutch State under Company rule.^[8]
October 15 – Desolation Island, in the South Shetland Islands of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain William Smith.
October – The ʻAi Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii.
November 2 – Bagyidaw is crowned as Emperor of Burma, at the imperial capital of Inwa.
November 3 – The USS Congress becomes the first American warship to visit China, landing at Lintin Island, off of the coast of Canton.^[9]
November 19 – The Museo del Prado, one of the world's great art galleries, opens in Madrid.^[10] Initially, it has only 311 significant paintings.^[11]
November 25 – A British expeditionary force reaches Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf, preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 between the British and what were to become known as the Trucial States.
December 17
- The Republic of Gran Colombia is formally established, with Simón Bolívar as its first president.
- The new astronomical observatory of Capodimonte in Naples starts operating. The astronomer Carlo Brioschi made the first observation by measuring the position of ⍺ Cassiopeiae.

Date unknown

Denis Johnson invents the kick scooter.
The city of Fernandina de Jagua (later Cienfuegos) is founded in Cuba.
A British Arctic expedition under William Parry, comprising HMS Hecla and HMS Griper, reaches longitude 112°51' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.^[12]
The African Slave Trade Patrol is founded to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa.