2018 in spaceflight

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2018 in spaceflight

This article documents notable spaceflight events during the year 2018. For the first time since 1990, more than 100 orbital launches were performed globally.

Quick Facts Orbital launches, First ...
2018 in spaceflight
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Highlights from spaceflight in 2018[a]
Orbital launches
First8 January
Last29 December
Total114
Successes111
Failures2
Partial failures1
Catalogued112
National firsts
Satellite
Suborbital launch Norway
Rockets
Maiden flights
Retirements
Crewed flights
Orbital3 (+1 failed)
Suborbital1 (private)
Total travellers11 (+2 failed)
EVAs8
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Quick Facts
2018 in spaceflight
 2017
2019 
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Overview

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Perspective

Planetary exploration

The NASA InSight seismology probe was launched in May 2018 and landed on Mars in November. The Parker Solar Probe was launched to explore the Sun in August 2018, and reached its first perihelion in November, traveling faster than any prior spacecraft. On 20 October the ESA and JAXA launched BepiColombo to Mercury, on a 10-year mission featuring several flybys and eventually deploying two orbiters in 2025 for local study. The asteroid sampling mission Hayabusa2 reached its target Ryugu in June,[1] and the similar OSIRIS-REx probe reached Bennu in December.[2] China launched its Chang'e 4 lander/rover in December which performed the first ever soft landing on the far side of the Moon in January 2019;[3][4] a communications relay was sent to the second Earth-Moon Lagrange point in May. The Google Lunar X Prize expired on 31 March without a winner for its $20 million grand prize, because none of its five finalist teams were able to launch a commercial lunar lander mission before the deadline.[5]

Human spaceflight

The Soyuz MS-10 October mission to the International Space Station (ISS) was aborted shortly after launch, due to a separation failure of one of the rocket's side boosters. The crew landed safely, and was rescheduled for March 2019 on Soyuz MS-12.[6] The United States returned to spaceflight on 13 December with the successful suborbital spaceflight of VSS Unity Flight VP-03. The flight did not reach the Kármán line (100 km) but it did cross the US definition of space (50 mi). As per United States convention, it was the first human spaceflight launched from the U.S. since the last Space shuttle flight STS-135 in 2011. Astronauts Mark P. Stucky and Frederick W. Sturckow both received their FAA Commercial Astronaut Wings on 7 February 2019. The return of the United States to human orbital spaceflight was further delayed to 2019, as Boeing and SpaceX, under NASA supervision, performed further tests on their commercial crew spacecraft under development: Starliner on Atlas V and SpaceX Dragon 2 on Falcon 9.[7]

Rocket innovation

After a failed launch in 2017, the Electron rocket reached orbit with its second flight in January; manufactured by Rocket Lab, it is the first orbital rocket equipped with electric pump-fed engines.[8] On 3 February, the Japanese SS-520-5 rocket (a modified sounding rocket) successfully delivered a 3U CubeSat to orbit, thus becoming the lightest and smallest orbital launch vehicle ever.[9] On 6 February, SpaceX performed the much-delayed test flight of Falcon Heavy,[10] carrying a car and a mannequin to a heliocentric orbit beyond Mars.[11] Falcon Heavy became the most powerful active rocket until the maiden launch of the Space Launch System in 2022.[12] On 27 October, LandSpace launched Zhuque-1, the first privately developed rocket in China; it failed to reach orbit.[13] The company later announced that it would not repeat the launch attempt and shift its focus to the Zhuque-2 launch vehicle, making this the only launch attempt of Zhuque-1.[14] On 13 December Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo reached 82.7 km, below the internationally recognized Kármán line but above the 50-mile definition of space used by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.[15][16]

Accelerating activity

The global activity of the launch industry grew significantly in 2018. 114 launches were conducted over the full year, compared with 91 in 2017, a 25% increase. Only three missions failed fully or partially in 2018, compared with eight failures in 2017. In August, China surpassed its previous record of 22 launches in 2016, and ended the year with a total 39 launches, also more launches than any other country in 2018. The 100th orbital launch of the year occurred on 3 December,[17] exceeding all yearly tallies since the end of the Cold War space race in 1991.

Orbital and suborbital launches

More information Month, Num. of successes ...
List of orbital launches
Month Num. of successes Num. of failures
January130
February80
March100
April90
May70
June80
July80
August40
September80
October112
November130
December150
Total1142
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Deep-space rendezvous

More information Date (GMT), Spacecraft ...
Date (GMT) Spacecraft Event Remarks
7 February Juno 11th perijove of Jupiter
1 April Juno 12th perijove
17 May TESS Gravity assist by the Moon Closest approach: 8,100 kilometres (5,000 mi)
24 May Juno 13th perijove
25 May Queqiao Moon flyby In Earth–Moon L2 halo orbit[18]
25 May Longjiang-1 Moon flyby Failed lunar orbital injection[19]
25 May Longjiang-2 Injection into Selenocentric orbit Preliminary orbit was 350 × 13800 km, inclined 21° to the equator[20]
27 June[1] Hayabusa2 Arrival at asteroid Ryugu
16 July Juno 14th perijove
7 September Juno 15th perijove
21 September HIBOU (ROVER-1A) Landing on Ryugu
21 September OWL (ROVER-1B) Landing on Ryugu
3 October MASCOT Landing on Ryugu
3 October Parker Solar Probe First gravity assist at Venus
29 October Juno 16th perijove
6 November Parker Solar Probe First perihelion Occurred at 03:28 UTC, a distance of 25 million km from the Sun. New record for the fastest spacecraft (95 km/s).
26 November InSight Arrival at Mars Successful landing at Elysium Planitia, coordinates 4.5024°N 135.6234°E / 4.5024; 135.6234.[21]
26 November MarCO A, B Mars flyby Data relays for InSight lander
3 December OSIRIS-REx Arrival at asteroid Bennu[2] Approach phase operations began on 17 August
12 December Chang'e 4 Injection into Selenocentric orbit Preliminary orbit 100 × 400 km, en route to a landing attempt on the Lunar farside[22]
21 December Juno 17th perijove
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Extravehicular activities (EVAs)

More information Start Date/Time, Duration ...
Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Remarks
23 January
11:49
7 hours
24 minutes
19:13 Expedition 54
ISS Quest
  • Replacement of latching end effector-B (LEE-B) for the space station remote manipulator system (SSRMS)
2 February
15:34
8 hours
13 minutes
23:47 Expedition 54
ISS Pirs
  • Dismantling Lira electronics assembly
  • Installation of upgraded electronics unit
  • Jettisoning of removed unit
  • Test exposure unit retrieval
  • Biorisk retrieval
  • Foot restraint relocation
16 February
12:00
5 hours
57 minutes
17:57 Expedition 54
ISS Quest
  • Finished removal and replacement of latching end effector on POA
  • Replaced LEE camera, installed ground strap on Canadarm2
  • Brought failed LEE inside
  • Lubricated Canadarm2
  • Moved tool platform on Dextre
  • Adjusted struts on flex hose rotary coupler
29 March
13:33
6 hours
10 minutes
19:43 Expedition 55
ISS Quest
  • Node 3 external wireless antenna install
  • P1 truss ammonia jumper remove (P1-3-2 RBVM)
  • CP8 camera group replacement
  • S0 ammonia jumper relocate to ESP-1
  • APFR relocate to ESP-1
  • Bolt preps on ESP-2
16 May
11:39
6 hours
31 minutes
18:10 Expedition 55
ISS Quest
  • Relocation of two pump flow control subassembly (PFCS) units
  • Replace the camera port-13 (CP-13) external television camera group (ETVCG)
  • Replacement of the space to ground transmit/receive controller (SGTRC)
14 June
08:06[23]
6 hours
49 minutes
14:55 Expedition 56
ISS Quest
  • Installed new cameras to monitor the approach and docking maneuvers of commercial crew spacecraft
  • Replaced a defective camera and lighting on the right side of the station
  • Closed the cover of the Cloud Aerosol Transport System instrument
15 August
16:17
7 hours
46 minutes
00:03 on 16 August Expedition 56
ISS Pirs
  • Deployed four cubesats built by Russian students
  • Installed antennas and cables for the Icarus animal-tracking device
  • Retrieved two materials exposure packages from the Zvezda hull[24]
11 December
15:59
7 hours
45 minutes
21:44 Expedition 57
ISS Pirs
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Space debris events

More information Date/Time (UTC), Source object ...
Date/Time (UTC) Source object Event type Pieces tracked Remarks
31 August Centaur upper stage Unknown 80
22 December
07:12
Orbcomm
OG1 FM 16
Satellite breakup 34+ Orbcomm OG1 sat FM 16 disintegrated for unknown reasons.[26]
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Orbital launch statistics

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Perspective

By country

For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. As examples, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket and Electron launches from Mahia in New Zealand count as USA launches.

More information Country, Launches ...
Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
 China 39[b]381[c]0
 France 6501[d]
 India 77[e]00
 Italy 2200
 Japan 6600
 Russia 20[f]191[g]0
 United States 34[h]34[i]00
World11411121
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By rocket

By family

More information Family, Country ...
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By type

More information Rocket, Country ...
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By configuration

More information Rocket, Country ...
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By spaceport

10
20
30
40
China
France
India
Japan
Kazakhstan
New Zealand
Russia
United States
More information Site, Country ...
Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Baikonur Kazakhstan9810
Cape Canaveral United States171610
Jiuquan China161510
Kennedy United States3300
Kourou France111001
Mahia New Zealand3300
MARS United States2200
Plesetsk Russia6600
Satish Dhawan India7700
Taiyuan China6600
Tanegashima Japan4400
Uchinoura Japan2200
Vandenberg United States9900
Vostochny Russia2200
Xichang China171700
Total11411031
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By orbit

  •   Low Earth
  •   Low Earth (ISS)
  •   Low Earth (SSO)
  •   Low Earth (retrograde)
  •   Medium Earth
  •   Geosychronous (transfer)
  •   High Earth
  •   Heliocentric
More information Orbital regime, Launches ...
Orbital regime Launches Achieved Not achieved Accidentally
achieved
Remarks
Transatmospheric0000
Low Earth / Sun-synchronous676430Zuma, Soyuz MS-10 and Zhuque-1 lost
Geosynchronous / GTO272601Ariane VA241 underperformed
Medium Earth131300
High Earth / Lunar transfer3300
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer4400
Total11411031
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References

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