3-Methylglutaconic aciduria

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria (MGA) is any of at least five metabolic disorders that impair the body's ability to make energy in the mitochondria.^[1] As a result of this impairment, 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-methylglutaric acid build up and can be detected in the urine.

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria
3-methylglutaconic acid
Specialty	Medical genetics

3-Methylglutaconic acid is an organic acid. The double carboxylic acid functions are the principal cause of the strength of this acid. 3-methylglutaconic acid can be detected by the presence of the acid function and the double connection that involves reactivity with some specific substances.^{[citation needed]}

Presentation

Genetics

The inheritance patterns of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria differ depending on the gene involved: ^{[citation needed]}

• Types I and III are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.
• Type II is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. A condition is considered X-linked if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation must be present in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. Males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females. A striking characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.
• The inheritance pattern of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type IV is unknown.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically post-mortem.^{[citation needed]}

Classification

There are five known subgroups of MGA; MGA type I, II, III, IV & V.

Type	OMIM	Gene	Locus	Also known as/Description	Genetics
Type I	250950	AUH	Chr.9	3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type I, 3-Methylglutaconic acidemia or 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA Hydratase Deficiency	Mutations in the AUH gene cause 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I. This gene provides instructions for producing 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase, an enzyme that is involved in processing the amino acid leucine. This amino acid is broken down in the mitochondria during the process of energy production. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to a buildup of 3-methylglutaconic acid, which is eliminated in the urine. Researchers believe that other genes or environmental factors also contribute to the development of this disorder.[citation needed]
Type II	302060	TAZ	Xq28	Barth syndrome (BTHS), 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type II or Cardiomyopathy-neutropenia syndrome	Mutations in the TAZ gene cause 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II (Barth syndrome). This gene provides instructions for making a protein called tafazzin. This protein plays a critical role in maintaining the levels of a particular lipid, called cardiolipin, located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. A lack of tafazzin results in abnormalities in the structure and function of mitochondria, leading to the heart defects and other problems seen in this disorder.[citation needed]
Type III	258501	OPA3	19q13.2-q13.3	3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type III or Costeff syndrome[2]	Mutations in the OPA3 gene cause 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III. This gene carries instructions for making a protein that is also found in mitochondria, but whose function is unknown. Researchers have suggested that cells with a defective OPA3 protein are more susceptible to a process that eliminates damaged or unneeded cells (so-called apoptosis).[citation needed]
Type IV	250951	?	?	3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type IV
Type V	610198	DNAJC19	3q26.3	3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type V

The characteristic features of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I include speech delay, delayed development of both mental and motor skills (psychomotor delay), elevated levels of acid in the blood and tissues (metabolic acidosis), abnormal muscle tone (dystonia), and spasms and weakness affecting the arms and legs (spastic quadriparesis). Fewer than 20 cases of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type I have been reported.^{[citation needed]}

Barth syndrome is a common name for 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II. The main features of Barth syndrome include a weakened and enlarged heart (dilated cardiomyopathy), recurrent infections due to low numbers of white blood cells (neutropenia), skeletal problems, and delayed growth. The incidence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type II is approximately 1 in 200,000 male infants.^{[citation needed]}

Costeff syndrome is another name for 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III. This disorder is characterized mainly by the degeneration of the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain. Sometimes other nervous system problems occur, such as an inability to maintain posture, poor muscle tone, the development of certain involuntary movements (extrapyramidal dysfunction), and a general decrease in brain function (cognitive deficit). The incidence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III is about 1 in 10,000 newborns in the Iraqi Jewish population. This disorder is extremely rare in all other populations.^{[citation needed]}

The signs and symptoms of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type IV are variable and overlap with types I-III. The incidence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type IV is unknown.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment

There is no known treatment or cure.^{[citation needed]}

Epidemiology

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria seems to be most prevalent amongst the Jewish population of Iraq. However, a high concentration of one type is found in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Canada. This suggests that the disease is more frequent in insular areas where there is more likelihood that both parents are carriers, a higher birth rate, and a greater frequency of consanguineous marriages. As all types of 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria are known to be genetic diseases and show a recessive inheritance pattern, consanguineous marriages (in which both partners may have inherited the mutation from the same ancestor) increase the chances of having a baby with the condition.^{[citation needed]}