Acholi dialect

Not to be confused with Chopi language (Bantu).

Acholi (/əˈtʃoʊ.li/ ə-CHOH-li, also Leb Acoli, or Leb Lwo) is a Southern Luo dialect spoken by the Acholi people in the districts of Gulu, Kitgum, Amuru, Lamwo, Agago, Nwoya, Omoro and Pader (a region known as Acholiland) in northern Uganda. The Dhopaluo (Chope) sub-dialect of Acholi is spoken in the Kiryandongo District in the kingdom of Bunyoro. It is also spoken in South Sudan in Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria.

Acholi
Acoli
Lwo
Native to	Uganda, South Sudan
Region	Acholi sub-region, Kiryandongo District and Magwi county
Ethnicity	Acholi
Native speakers	1.5 million in Uganda (2014 census)[1] 27,000 in South Sudan (2000)[1]
Language family	Nilo-Saharan? Eastern Sudanic Southern Eastern Nilotic Western Luo Southern Luo Acholi
Dialects	Labwor (leb Thur) Nyakwai Dhopaluo (Chope)
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-2	ach
ISO 639-3	Either: ach – Acholi/ Acoli lth – Thur
Glottolog	acol1236
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A man speaking Acholi.

Song of Lawino, well known in African literature, was written in Acholi by Okot p'Bitek, although its sequel, Song of Ocol, was written in English.

Acholi, Alur, and Jo Padola have between 84 and 90 per cent of their vocabulary in common and are mutually intelligible.^{[dubious – discuss]} However, they are often counted as separate languages because their speakers are ethnically distinct. Labwor (Thur), once considered a dialect of Acholi, may not be intelligible with it.^[2]

Phonology

Acholi has vowel harmony: all vowels in a word have to belong to a single class (e.g. [kojo] the cold vs. [kɔjɔ] to separate). There are two sets of five vowels, distinguished by the feature [+/-ATR].

[-ATR] vowels in Acholi

	Front	Central	Back
Near-close	ɪ		ʊ
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

[+ATR] vowels in Acholi

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-mid	e	o
Open		ɑ

Acholi consonants^[3]

		Labial		Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
		plain	lab.
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	pʷ	t	tʃ	k
	voiced	b	bʷ	d	ɟ	ɡ
Nasal		m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Rhotic				r
Approximant				l	j	w

/pʷ/ and /bʷ/ sounds may also sound as labial affricates [pf] and [bv].^[4]

Acholi is a tonal language. It has high, low, downstep high and double downstep high tones, but also two contour tones: one rising and one falling.^[3] Thus, some words may be distinguished by tone alone, e.g. bèl (low) 'wrinkled' vs. bél (high) 'corn' and kàl (low) 'place enclosed by a palisade' vs. kál (high) 'millet'. Tone furthermore plays a role in verb conjugation.

Recent work

The above were the old work of the missionaries Alfred Malandra and Crazzolara published in 1955. However, a more up-to-date Acholi orthography by Janet Lakareber shows that a vowel in Acholi language has more than two pronunciations.^[5] A monosyllabic word in Acholi has 14 different pronunciations. This is explained in the nine books of Acoli Accented Orthography.^[6]