Afridi

For other uses, see Afridi (disambiguation).

The Afrīdī (Pashto: اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Afridi

افریدی‎
Afridi tribesmen firing behind a rock, 1880
Languages
Pashto
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Khattak · Orakzai · Wazir · Banuchi and other Karlani Pashtun tribes

The Afridis are most dominant in the Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar in Tribal areas of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, covering most of the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah^[1] which is their Native Tribal Territory. They are the closest to Orakzai in their language, culture and geographic areas.

Etymology and origins

Further information: Theories of Pashtun origin

Etymology

Herodotus, in his Histories, mentions an Indian tribe^[2] named Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται) inhabiting the Achaemenid satrapy of Arachosia.^[3] Thomas Holdich and Olaf Caroe have linked them with the Afridi tribe:^[4][5][6][7]

The Sattagydae, Gandarii, Dadicae, and Aparytae (Ἀπαρύται) paid together a hundred and seventy talents; this was the seventh province

— Herodotus, The Histories, Book III, Chapter 91, Section 4

Origins

The origin of the Afridis is uncertain.^[8][9] Among the Afridi six Ḵaybar clans are generally distinguished: the Kūkī Ḵēl, Kambar Ḵēl, Kamar Ḵēl, Malek-dīn Ḵēl, Sepāh, and Zakkā Ḵēl (or Zəḵā Ḵēl), in the Khyber pass region. In addition, there are two "assimilated clans" not recognized by the first six, the Akā Ḵēl, settled south of the Bārā river in contact with the Ōrakzī, and the Ādam Ḵēl, occupying a mountainous region between Peshawar and Kohat. This complex clan structure,  perhaps reflects the diversity of the origins of the different ethnic groups forming this great tribe.^[10]

History

Resistance against the Mughals

The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing.^[11] The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass, which has served as a corridor connecting the Indian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile.^[12]

Over the course of Mughal rule, Emperors Akbar and Jahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis, with little success.^[9]

Under the leadership of Darya Khan Afridi, they engaged in protracted warfare against the Mughal army in the 1670s.^[13] The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb: in 1672, in a surprise attack between Peshawar and Kabul, and in the winter of 1673, in an ambush in the mountain passes.^[14] The emperor sent his Rajput general Rai Tulsidas with reinforcements into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain.^[14][15] Allegedly, only five Mughal soldiers made it out of the battle alive and the rest of the Mughals were brutally slaughtered.^[16][17][18]

British Raj

During the First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan Wars, Afridis fought against the British; these skirmishes comprised some of the fiercest fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars.^[19] Ajab Khan Afridi was a well-known independence activist against the British Raj.

The British colonial administration regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen as "martial tribe" under the martial races theory.^[20] Different Afridi clans also cooperated with the British in exchange for subsidies, and some even served with the Khyber Rifles, an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army.^[20][21]

First Kashmir War

Shortly after the Partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, Afridi tribesmen were among the ranks of the Pashtun militias that invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 and the ongoing Kashmir conflict.^[22] Today, Afridis make use of their dominant positions along the Durand Line in areas of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by controlling transport and various businesses, including trade in armaments, munitions and goods.^[23] Beside commercial activities, the Afridis also occupy substantial representation among Pakistan Armed Forces and paramilitary forces such as Khyber Rifles.

Clans

The Afridi Tribe is subclassified into eight sub-tribes (Ḵels), which reflect the different ethnic groups which joined to make the Afrīdīs:^[24][25]

• Kūkī Ḵēl
• Kambar Ḵēl
• Zakkā/Zəḵā Ḵēl
• Kamar/Kamraʾī Ḵēl
• Malek-dīn Ḵēl
• Sepāh
• Akā Ḵēl
• Ādam Ḵēl

Religion

Afridis follow the Sunni sect of Islam. Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan (Emperor) Mahmud of Ghazni by Denzil Ibbetson^[26] and Haroon Rashid.^[27]

List of notable Afridis

Shahid Afridi in 2017

In Sports

• Shahid Afridi, Pakistani cricketer and former national captain
• Shaheen Afridi, Pakistani cricketer
• Umar Gul, of Malak Din Khel; Pakistani International cricketer
• Abbas Afridi, Pakistani cricketer
• Riaz Afridi, Pakistani cricketer and coach
• Ashfaq Afridi, Pakistani cricketer
• Ahmed Shehzad, Pakistani cricketer
• Sameen Gul, Pakistani cricketer
• Yasir Afridi, Pakistani footballer

Politicians

• Abbas Khan Afridi, Pakistani politician who has been a member of senate, federal minister and state minister. He is also a reputable trader and businessman in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Zakir Husain, third President of India, from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969
• Malik Mehrun Nisa Afridi, twice member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Pakistan Peoples Party
• Asghar Khan, Pakistani Air Marshal who built up the Pakistan Air Force as its first Native Commander-in-Chief, served as President of Pakistan International Airlines and a Pacifist Human Rights Activist Politician serving as Chairman of the Solidarity movement
• Mirza Muhammad Afridi, Pakistani politician and senator, Deputy Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan and a member of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

Combatants

• Ajab Khan Afridi, a rebel fighter during the British Raj who carried out an attack on British forces, sparking the Afridi Redshirts Rebellion
• Darya Khan Afridi, a national hero of Afghanistan who closed the gates of Khyber and ambushed the Mughal Invaders of Aurangzeb raining down their firepower onto the confused mass, reconquering the lands of the Khyber Pass, famed warrior of the Afghan-Mughal Wars
• Sher Ali Afridi, former policeman from Peshawar who assassinated Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of British India, in 1872
• Mir Mast Khan Afridi, defected from the British Army during the First World War and recruited fellow ethnic Pashtun soldiers of the Tribal Belt for the Ottoman cause operating from Afghanistan^[28]
• Malik Wali Khan Kuki Khel Afridi, Kashmir Jihad Veteran and Activist of the Pashtunistan Movement in Independent Pakistan.^[29][30]
• Khushdil Khan Afridi, military general in the Pakistan Army.

Businessman

• Javed Afridi, owner of PSL team Peshawar Zalmi and owner of Haier Pakistan
• Abbas Khan Afridi, a politician and Businessman, He is the founder and CEO of Afridi Traders and holds shares in other projects.

Martyrs

• Fareeda Kokikhel Afridi, Woman's rights activist who founded the Society for Appraisal and Women Empowerment in Rural Areas and assassinated by religious extremists

Others

• Monawar Khan Afridi, a brigadier in the British Indian Army, notably a doctor during the Burma Campaign working against Malaria and later served as the third Vice-Chancellor for the University of Peshawar
• Yahya Afridi is a Pakistani jurist who is currently serving as the chief justice of Pakistan since 26 October 2024. He previously served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan since 28 June 2018. Prior to his elevation to the Supreme Court, Afridi served as chief justice of the Peshawar High Court from 2016 to 2018, and as a justice of the PHC from 2010 to 2016.
• Khatir Afridi, Pashto poet from Pakistan
• Shakeel Afridi, a physician from Pakistan
• Ayub Afridi, a drug smuggler from Pakistan
• Ahmad Kamal Faridi (Colonel Fareedi, Colonel Faridi), a character of Ibn-e-Safi, world renowned mystery writer/novelist of Pakistan. Ibn-e-Safi showed in his two novels (out of 125 novels) of Jasoosi Dunya (The Spy World) novel number 52 and novel number 117 that Colonel Fareedi belongs to Afridi tribe.
• Malik Sher Muhammad Khan Afridi, Chief of Sepah. He along with the Maliks of the Khyber Agency visited Kolkata by train from Peshawar along with Political Agent, Colonel Robert Warburton.^[31] He also was a key figure in the relations between the Pathans especially the Afridis and the British Government during the 19th century, also mentioned in the book Eighteen Years in the Khyber.^[32]
• Malik Muhammad Akbar Afridi Sepah, 1946–1998, former Chieftain of the Bara of Khyber Agency, met Princess Diana and former British Prime Minister John Major during their visits to Peshawar, Pakistan.
• Zeek Afridi, a Pashto singer from Peshawar
• Mangal Bagh, also known as Mangal Bagh Afridi, was the leader of Lashkar-e-Islam, a militant group operating in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Pir Atta Muhammad Afridi , chief of Akhorwal clan in Dara Adam Khel and chairman of Akhorwal coal company famous for his strong leadership. across the region of Dara Adam Khel to stabilize political and tribal instability.^[33]