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Agha Petros
Assyrian military leader (1880–1932) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Petros Elia of Baz (Syriac: ܦܸܛܪܘܿܣ ܐܹܠܝ݂ܵܐ ܕܒܵܙ; 1 April 1880 – 2 February 1932), better known as Agha Petros (Syriac: ܐܓܐ ܦܛܪܘܣ), was an Assyrian military leader and warlord,[4][5] best known for his role during World War I. He commanded both Assyrian and Armenian forces that defeated Ottoman, Kurdish, and Qajar armies in multiple battles across Mesopotamia and Persia, and he also led ethnic conflicts against Kurdish tribes within the region.
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Early years
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Petros Elia was born in 1 April 1880, in the village of Lower Baz, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He received his elementary education in his hometown before his father decided that he should attend a Christian European missionary school in Urmia, Qajar Persia, at 14 years old.[6] Petros had a typical upbringing, living with his older brother Mirza, his father Eliya, and his mother Dolo or Daloo.[7][8] Upon completing his studies, he returned to Baz, where he worked as a teacher.[9] It was thanks to his fluency in numerous languages, including Syriac, Turkish, Arabic, French, Persian, Kurdish, English, and Russian, that he was first appointed by the Ottomans as a secretary at an embassy in Urmia, and later promoted to consul in May 1909 for his good work.[3][10][6][11]
The embassy was called Shahbandar and was in charge of Turkish consular affairs at the time.[12] A Christian Assyrian man by the name of Daoud Rassam, who was from Mosul, was in charge of the embassy.[12][3] This led to Petros' acquaintance with the Rassam family, and just shortly after, Petros chose the daughter of Rassam, Zarifa Khanum, as his wife and married her in early June of 1906.[12][3][13] It was reported that during the Persian Constitutional Revolution, Petros had deposed and arrested the Persian governor of Urmia and took control of the city by himself, ruling it in the name of the Turkish Ottoman Government.[13][14] The governor was later released from captivity after Petros had demanded a medal from the Shah in exchange.[14]
Prior to the First World War, Petros received military training at a Russian military academy.[6]
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World War I
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Petros became known for his actions alongside Russian forces in the Van and Bitlis regions during 1915–1916, where he earned a reputation for gallantry and for his resourcefulness in several military engagements.[15]
After the Russians entered Urmia, Agha Petros was appointed as a general with a small Assyrian force under his command. He later engaged and defeated forces of Ottoman and Kurds in a series of battles.[3] He was later approached by the Allies and was given command of the left wing of the army of Assyrian volunteers (the right wing being commanded by Mar Shimun’s brother Dawid Mar Shimun, the center being under the command of Mar Shimun).[16][17]
In 1917, when the Bolsheviks had taken control of the Russian armies and abducted Tsar Nicholas II and his family, Agha Petros was so furious that he resigned from his commission with the Russian army, refusing to take orders from revolutionaries. He immediately took control of the Assyrian army and established his headquarters in Urmia.[18]
By 1918, Agha Petros and his Assyrian forces managed to control vast territory of Iranian Azerbaijan, west of Lake Urmia, where they established self-governance.[19][20][21][22][23]
His volunteers had quite a few successes over the Ottoman forces, notably at Suldouze where Petros’ 1,500 horsemen overcame the forces of Kheiri Bey's (8,000 men).[16] Petros also defeated the Ottomans in a major engagement at Sauj Bulak and drove them back to Rowanduz.[3][24]
Petros not only led the Assyrian forces, but also had some limited control over Armenian troops that fought alongside them.[25][26] There was disunion in the ranks, and instead of posting a force to contain the Turks, whom he had defeated previously, he moved his forces to Sain Qaleh as encouraged by the British officials, who had promised him military help. Nevertheless, the British did not fulfill their promises. He reached Sain Kala seven days after the British detachment retired.[27]
After the invasion of Mosul by the Young Turks, the Assyrian army, led by General Agha Petros, fought intensively and successfully against the Ottoman army and their Kurdish allies, and pushed them out of Mosul and the whole area, leading to Britain's control of the region. The battles are described in detail by surviving letters of Petros and British officials.[28]
Agha Petros also had some disagreements with Mar Shimun, the patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, and was often mistrusted by his family.[29][30] The Allied military advisors reported that he schemed against Mar Shimun, by trying to dissuade the Allies to trust the Patriarch.[31] However, after the murder of Mar Shimun by the Iranian Kurdish leader Simko, Agha Petros joined forces with Malik Khoshaba and others in driving Simko from his stronghold at Kuhnashahir.[3]
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Later years
Petros was the head negotiator for the Assyrians between 1919 and 1923. On July 24, 1923, he took part in the League of Nations Peace Conference in Lausanne, Switzerland, where he approached the Turkish delegation for the resettlement of the Assyrians in and around Hakkâri Province in exchange for the loyalty of the Assyrians. The then secretary/minister of foreign affairs of Turkey, İsmet İnönü who was heading the Turkish delegation at Lausanne was in favor of the resettlement but a telegram received from the central government in Ankara prevented that.[32]
During his last years Petros moved near Toulouse, France, where he lived until his death of a cerebral attack at the railway station, on February 2, 1932.[citation needed] In France, Agha Petros was called the ''Young Napoleon,'' and in journals and newspapers, he was referred to as the ''New Nebuchadnezzar'' due to his exceptional performance during the First World War.[33]
Controversies
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In his book The Cradle of Mankind, life in Eastern Kurdistan W.A. Wigram mentions that Petros was involved in fraudulent acts in British Columbia (Canada), where he resorted to collecting money purportedly for the building of an orphanage in Macedonia.[34] According to some historians[35] he fled the country as the Canadian police was about to arrest him, He was later to be found in Rome where he passed himself off as an Assyrian tribal chief desirous to bring his tribe from the Assyrian Church of the East over to the fold of the Chaldean Catholic Church. Impressed and grateful for this decision, the Catholic authorities granted him an official decoration.[34][35] Other historians such as David Gaunt described his time in Canada as a ''vacation'' where he ''raised funds'' for an orphanage.[36] Petros then returned to the Ottoman Empire and displayed his decoration from the Pope to local authorities to ask for a job at an Ottoman Consulate. A job that he did get, as a secretary, and as a Consul in Urmia in 1909.[34]
Some historians believe Petros Elia was merely concerned by his own ambition.[37] The Allied military advisors reported that he schemed against Mar Shimun, by trying to dissuade the Allies from trusting him. He was also reportedly mistrusted by the Allies.[35] Lieutenant Gasfield and French Surgeon-Major Caujole have recorded his subordinates' low esteem in their reports.[35][38]
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See also
- Assyrian people
- Assyrian genocide
- Cilovluq genocide
- Assyrian nationalism
Notes
References
External links
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