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Anilofos
Herbicide active ingredient From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Anilofos, or anilophos, is an organophosphorus, anilide herbicide, used as a pre- or post-emergent selective herbicide to control annual grassy weeds and sedges in transplanted rice. It is used in India.[1] It was brought to market circa 1980.[4]
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Usage
Anilophos's herbicide resistance classification is group K (Australia), K3 (global), or 15 (numeric),[4] which is the inhibition of very long chain fatty acid synthesis. It is absorbed though roots and to some extent through newly emerging shoots and young leaves. It acts on meristematic tissue to affect cell division and elongation,[8] producing discolouration, stunted growth and death.[3]
Anilofos is not approved in the European Union under Regulation No. 1107/2009.[9] It controls Indian goosegrass, barnyard grass, flatsedge, yellow nutsedge and cockspur. It is used on rice,[4] paddy and soybean.[8]
Formulations of anilophos have been sold under the tradenames Arrozin, Ricozin, Aniloguard, Shoot and Anilo-Tox, which are usually sold as emulsifiable concentrates, granules or dispersible powders.[4][8] In India, they are applied at 300 to 350 grams per hectare active ingredient. Anilofos is adsorbed initially on the plant's surface and slowly by intracellular uptake.[10]
Forumations in India are sold as 18% or 30% emulsifiable concentrates. 631 tonnes (1,391,000 lb) was used in 2007, 2.6% of India's total herbicide usage.[11]
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Properties
Anilophos is lipophilic. Organophosphorus lipophilics interact strongly with cell membrane phospholipid, such as chlorpyrifos, an insecticide with this site of action.[1]
Anilofos is chemically stable under standard conditions, but under intense heating may form an explodable mixture with air.[2] It has low volatility.[4] Anilofos is soluble in acetone, chloroform and toluene, to over 700 g/L, and in benzene, dichloromethane, ethanol, ethyl acetate to 53 g/L, hexane to 7.4 g/L.[3] It is insoluble in water.[2]
Anilofos is a thiono organophosphate.[1]
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Environmental behaviour
Anilofos is moderately persistent in soil, with a half-life of about 38 days,[4] although in flooded soil it dissipates faster, in 5 to 25 days.[10] It doesn't bioaccumulate in soil and shows no tendency for groundwater leaching. The water half-life is also short.[3] It is not toxic to birds, with an LD50 over 3360 mg/kg, though the LD50 for bees via contact is 5.9μg, moderately toxic.[4]
Safety
There is evidence that anilofos is a neurotoxin, that it inhibits acetyl cholinesterase and that it irritates the skin and respiratory tract.[4]
References
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