Associators

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Associators

Associators were members of 17th- and 18th-century volunteer military associations in the British American thirteen colonies and British Colony of Canada. These were more commonly known as Maryland Protestant, Pennsylvania, and American Patriot and British Loyalist colonial militias. But unlike militias, the associator military volunteers were exempt from regular mandatory military service. Other names used to describe associators were "Associations", "Associated", "Refugees", "Volunteers", and "Partisans".

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Associators
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A 1764 illustration of the Pennsylvania Associators assembling in Philadelphia after news of the Paxton Boys marching on the city
Active1689-1784
Country British America
 United States
Allegiance Great Britain
 United States
BranchColonial militia, independent volunteers, military association, refugees, partisans, (auxiliary troops)
TypeInfantry, dragoons (mounted infantry), artillery
SizeCompany-regiment
EngagementsMaryland Protestant Rebellion (1689)

King George's War (1744-1748) French and Indian War (1754-1763)

American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
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English Puritans in the Province of Maryland, known as "Protestant associators", revolted in the Maryland Protestant Rebellion; this was part of the Glorious Revolution of 1689. They were led by John Coode, who overthrew the colonial Catholic government within the colony.
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Benjamin Franklin, in 1747, during King George's War, wrote and published the pamphlet, Plain Truth, calling for a voluntary association to defend Philadelphia.
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Joseph Brant, a Native American led Brant's Volunteers an irregular British Loyalist associators unit, of mixed Mohawk Indians and white soldiers raised during the American Revolutionary War who fought on the British side in the Province of New York.
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2nd Battalion, "Associators", Pennsylvania National Guard, U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment insignia patch

The term "Non-Associators" was applied to American colonists who refused to support and sign "military association" charters. They were not affiliated with associators, or would choose instead, to pay a fine and suffer possible retaliation. During the American Revolutionary War, some associator units were said to operate more like, or were in fact loose-knit criminal gangs, taking advantage of the disruption of warfare.

The present-day U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division is nicknamed the "Associators", helping to preserve the volunteer associators' ancestral legacy in Pennsylvania.

Maryland Protestant Associators

Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Associators

During King George's War, Benjamin Franklin, in 1747, wrote and published the pamphlet, "Plain Truth", calling for a voluntary association to defend Philadelphia. This was in line with his earlier formation of volunteer fire-companies. This organization was formed and approved by the council and the officers would be commissioned by the Council President.[1] In 1755 these groups were re-established in response to Braddock's defeat.[2] The 103rd Engineer Battalion (United States) and the U.S. Army 111th Infantry Regiment Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, nicknamed the "Associators", traces their lineages to these Pennsylvania Associators.

Associators in American Revolutionary War

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American Patriot Associators

Province of Pennsylvania

In 1776, the Province of Pennsylvania's Patriot, volunteer, military groups, in the tradition of earlier, colonial, associator militias, used the name the Pennsylvania Associators. The following year, in 1777, it was renamed the Pennsylvania State Militia.

  • Hanover Associators (1774)
  • Bucks County Associators (1775-1776)
  • Lancaster County Associators (1775)
  • Northumberland County Associators (1776)
  • Artillery Battalion, Pennsylvania Militia (Philadelphia) (1747)
  • 4th Battalion of Philadelphia County Militia (1776)
  • Philadelphia Brigade of Militia (1747)
  • 2nd Battalion, Philadelphia Associators
  • 3rd Battalion, Philadelphia Associators

British Loyalist Associators

Many Loyalist irregulars who fought with the British in the American Revolutionary War were "associators". These units were sometimes commissioned by the commander in chief but could also be commissioned by the commander of a garrison or a royal colonial governor. They received no pay, and often no uniforms; they were usually issued provisions, but relied on labor or looting to earn money. Loyalist Associators often served in mixed-race units, composed of whites, escaped slaves, and even American Indians.

Perhaps one of the most famous Loyalist associators was Colonel Tye, a former slave and leader of the infamous "Black Brigade". He was the first known black officer in North American military history.

Province of Georgia

  • Augusta Associators (Augusta) (1781)

Province of Massachusetts

  • Loyal American Association (Boston) (1775-1776)
  • Loyal Associated Refugees (1779)
  • Loyal Irish Volunteers (Boston) (1775-1776)
  • Pepperell's Corps (Boston) (1779-?)
  • Royal North British Volunteers (Boston) (1775-1776)

Province of Maryland

  • Maryland Royal Retaliators (raised in Philadelphia) (1780-1781)

Province of New Jersey

Province of New York

Province of Pennsylvania

Province of Rhode Island

Other Loyalist Associators

  • Robins Company of Partisans[5] (partisan irregulars) (1780-1782?)
  • Sharp's Refugee Marines[5] (marines - naval infantry force) (1779)
  • James Stewart's Company of Refugees[5] (1780-1781)
  • Uzal Ward's Company of Refugees[5] (1780-1783)

Notable Associators

See also

References

Sources

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