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August 1921

Month of 1921 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

August 1921
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The following events occurred in August 1921:

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August 23, 1921: Faisal al-Hashemi crowned as first King of Iraq
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August 24, 1921: 44 killed in the crash of the largest dirigible in the world, ZR-2
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August 22, 1921: Alexander I takes oath in Paris hospital as new King of Yugoslavia
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August 2, 1921: Opera tenor Enrico Caruso dead at age 48 from infection
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August 1, 1921 (Monday)

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Harding at the U.S. Senate
  • President Harding informed the U.S. Congress that Secretary of State Hughes had concluded that the U.S. was obligated to lend five million dollars to Liberia as part of an agreement made in September, 1918.[4]
  • Born: Jack Kramer, U.S. tennis player and commentator, in Las Vegas (d. 2009)[5]
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August 2, 1921 (Tuesday)

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August 3, 1921 (Wednesday)

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The first crop dusting by airplane

August 4, 1921 (Thursday)

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August 5, 1921 (Friday)

  • The first broadcast of a baseball game was aired by U.S. radio station KDKA, as the Pittsburgh Pirates defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 8 to 5 at Forbes Field.[24] Harold Arlin, a Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, called the play-by-play during the broadcast.[25]
  • WRR-AM received its municipal license. It first broadcast out of the Dallas, Texas fire station. WRR was the first radio station in Texas and one of the first five radio stations in the US.[26]
  • In the Rif War against Morocco, the Army of Spain suffered more losses as the army garrisons in the cities of Nador and Selouane fell in North Africa, and 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2) of Moroccan territory reclaimed by Arab tribesmen.[27] Of 200 soldiers of the Selouane garrison, all but nine were killed.[28]
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August 6, 1921 (Saturday)

  • The sinking of the U.S. passenger ship Alaska killed 42 of the 214 people on board, with 31 passengers and 11 crew missing after the ship ran aground on Blunts Reef off the coast of California. The 172 survivors were rescued by the British ship Anyox.[29]
  • In return for American humanitarian aid to relieve the famine in the Soviet Union, the Russian Relief Committee's Chairman Kamenev pledged that all Americans held prisoner in Soviet Russia would be released to Walter L. Brown of the American Relief Administration.[30]
  • In the wake of the Upper Silesia plebiscite of March 1921, an expert report by the Committee of the Allied Supreme Council recommended a redefinition of the border between Poland and Germany, on the basis of which the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district was awarded to Poland.[31]
  • Died: Rorer A. James, 62, U.S. Representative for Virginia[2]
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August 7, 1921 (Sunday)

  • In accordance with an agreement between the United Kingdom and Irish Republicans, British prisons released all Sinn Féin members who had been elected to Dáil Éireann.[2]
  • Born: Manitas de Plata (stage name for Ricardo Baliardo), Spanish-French guitar virtuoso, in Sète in France (d. 2014)[32]
  • Died: Alexander Blok, 40, Russian poet, dramatist and critic[33]

August 8, 1921 (Monday)

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August 9, 1921 (Tuesday)

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Governor Small
  • Governor Lennington "Len" Small of the U.S. state of Illinois was placed under arrest at his home, the Executive Mansion in Springfield, Illinois, on warrants from three indictments made against him on charges of embezzlement during his prior job as Illinois State Treasurer.[43] The sheriff of Sangamon County, Illinois, Henry Mester, came to the Governor's official residence, placed Small under arrest and required Small to come with him to for a court appearance before the Sangamon County Judge, who set a $50,000 bail to secure Small's appearance at a September hearing. Small posted his own bond as surety and was allowed to return home.

August 10, 1921 (Wednesday)

  • The Soviet Union began the release of American prisoners, with six Americans being turned over to the American Relief Administration at Reval in Estonia.[44]
  • The SS Moerdijk of the Holland-American steam line set a world speed record, completing a journey from London to Los Angeles in 24 days and 12 hours.[45][full citation needed]
  • The Allied Supreme Council announced its neutrality in the Greco-Turkish War, abandoning the Treaty of Sèvres that had granted territory of the former Ottoman Empire to Greece.[2]
  • Lord Byng of Vimy, appointed as the new Governor General of Canada, arrived in Canada after the steamer Empress of France brought him over from the United Kingdom.[46]
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August 11, 1921 (Thursday)

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Roosevelt
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Allendesalazar
  • Spain's Prime Minister Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar and his cabinet resigned as a result of the Spanish defeat in Morocco. Antonio Maura, a former Premier, formed a new ministry two days later.[48]
  • Éamon de Valera sent his reply to British peace proposals to UK Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and the Prime Minister's office sent a charter airplane to Paris, where Lloyd George was meeting with the Allied Premiers.[49]
  • Lord Byng took office as the new Governor General of Canada.[2]
  • Forty people were killed in a landslide that struck the village of Klausen.[50]
  • Giovanni De Briganti won the 1921 Schneider Trophy race at Venice, Italy, in a Macchi M.7 with an average speed of 189.7 km/h (117.9 mph).[51]
  • The Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921 was signed into law by U.S. President Harding, allowing the Federal Trade Commission to regulate any company that engaged in interstate shipping of food products, specifically "livestock, livestock products, dairy products, poultry, poultry products, and eggs."[52]
  • Dr. G. Tryon Harding, father of the incumbent U.S. president, Warren Harding, surprised the White House by marrying a third time, traveling from Marion, Ohio to Monroe, Michigan to obtain a license. Dr. Harding and his longtime nurse and secretary, Alice Severns, initially drove to Canada and attempted to get a marriage license in Windsor, Ontario, only to be refused a license because of a new requirement of three months residency. The President's mother, Dr. Harding's first wife Phoebe Dickerson Harding, had died in 1910.[53]
  • Born:
  • Died: Father James Coyle, 48, Irish-born Roman Catholic priest, was murdered by Pastor E. R. Stephenson of the Southern Methodist Episcopal Church in Birmingham, Alabama after Coyle performed the marriage between Stephenson's daughter and a Puerto Rican Catholic. Stephenson would subsequently be acquitted by an Alabama jury on grounds of temporary insanity.[56]
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August 12, 1921 (Friday)

  • The Allied Supreme Council, unable to work out a settlement of the Silesian boundary question between Germany and Poland, referred the matter to the League of Nations.[57]
  • The French cargo ship St Clair caught fire at Mex, Egypt; it was beached and later declared a total loss.[58]
  • Born: Abel Paz (pen name for Diego Camacho Escámez), Spanish anarchist and historian; in Almeria (d. 2009)[59]

August 13, 1921 (Saturday)

  • British Prime Minister David Lloyd George released the correspondence between himself and Sinn Fein President Éamon de Valera.[60] On July 26, the British had proposed dominion status for Ireland, with complete authority over domestic affairs including taxation, finance, a judicial system, police and education, while Britain would manage Ireland's defense and foreign affairs. De Valera had replied on August 10 that he wanted "an amicable but absolute" separation of Ireland from the United Kingdom, with the question of Northern Ireland's status to be determined by a vote of all Irish voters. Lloyd George responded that the UK could never acknowledge Irish secession from the UK.[2]
  • Maxim Litvinov of the Soviet Union announced that the Soviets would comply with the terms of aid by the American Relief Administration, including freedom of movement within Soviet borders and Russian expense for distribution of humanitarian supplies after their delivery to Russian ports.[61]
  • The National Assembly of Hungary unanimously approved the U.S. peace resolution and began negotiation for a peace treaty to end the state of war that had started with U.S. entry into World War One against Austria-Hungary.[62]
  • The Inter-Allied Finance Conference, charged by the Allied Supreme Council in recommending the disposition of German reparation payments, ruled that none of the first one billion gold marks of payment should be given to France, but toward the reconstruction of the damage in Belgium.[63]
  • Herbert Greenfield replaced Charles Stewart as Premier of Alberta, Canada.[64]
  • Stormont Castle was designated as the future home of Northern Ireland's Parliament.[65]
  • Died: Samuel Pomeroy Colt, 69, American businessman and chairman of the board of the United States Rubber Company.[2]

August 14, 1921 (Sunday)

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Maura

August 15, 1921 (Monday)

August 16, 1921 (Tuesday)

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King Peter of Yugoslavia
  • Prince Alexander, "the Unifier", became King of Yugoslavia following the death of his father, King Peter.[75] At the time, Alexander was hospitalized in France at Neuilly-sur-Seine for appendicitis and announced that he would not be able to attend the funeral for his father in Belgrade, and was uncertain if he would be able to attend the ceremonies for his oath of accession to the throne, required to take place by August 26 or no more than ten days after the vacancy on the throne.[76][77]
  • Dáil Éireann, the first parliament to represent the people of an Irish Republic rather than the United Kingdom's Province of Southern Ireland, convened at the Mansion House in Dublin after being called into session by Éamon de Valera, despite the British position that it would not recognize a government that was not part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[78]
  • The Soviet Union government announced a partial revocation of its policy of prohibition against the sale of alcohol and allowed the manufacture and sale of beverages containing up to 14% (or 28 proof) alcohol, such as light wine.[79]
  • Former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson formally resumed the practice of law as an attorney licensed to practice in the District of Columbia and in the federal courts, as he opened the offices of Wilson & Colby at 1315 F Street in Washington. Wilson's partner in his law firm was Bainbridge Colby, the former U.S. Secretary of State.[80]
  • Died: Peter I, King of Yugoslavia and former King of Serbia, 77[81][82]

August 17, 1921 (Wednesday)

  • The treaty creating the Permanent Court of International Justice went into effect as Spain became the necessary 24th nation to ratify the agreement.[83] Other signatory nations were the United Kingdom and its dominions, along with Albania, Austria, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland.

August 18, 1921 (Thursday)

  • British Prime Minister David Lloyd George convened a closed meeting of the British Cabinet to discuss whether the United Kingdom should continue its pursuit of the Balfour Declaration, the pledge to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine in the same area as the ancient Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah, or refer the Mandate for Palestine back to the League of Nations.[84] The discussion was prompted by reports that had reached the office of Winston Churchill, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, that Arabs and Jews in the area were securing weapons for themselves to prepare for a conflict. The two options presented to the cabinet were to withdraw from the Declaration, to allow the League of Nations to stop Jewish immigration into the area and to create an Arab national government in Palestine; or to pursue the Declaration and to create an armed Jewish force. Ultimately, no decision was made at the meeting and the plan to create a Jewish state would continue.
  • Born: Lydia Litvyak, Soviet fighter ace and the first woman pilot to shoot down an aircraft in combat; in Khrustalny, Ukraine (killed in combat, 1943)[85]
  • Died: Sir Samuel Cleland Davidson, 74, Irish engineer and inventor of the first air purification and cooling systems[86]

August 19, 1921 (Friday)

  • The United Kingdom government published the Railways Act 1921, providing for the amalgamation of British railway companies into four large groups, "The Big Four", effective January 1, 1923.[87]
  • Sheriff's deputies in Knoxville, Tennessee, fired guns into a lynch mob that was attempting to storm the Knox County Jail, wounding 26 people, two of them seriously. The leaders of a white crowd, estimated at 3,000 people, demanded that the deputies allow them to enter the jail to remove Frank Martin, an African-American suspected of the sexual assault of a white schoolteacher.[88] Sheriff William T. Cate confronted the crowd when it came within 100 feet (30 m) of the jail and "gave warning that an imaginary line between two telephone poles should not be crossed". When a dozen men defied the warning, Cate and four deputies with him fired shotguns into the air, and then were fired upon from four different people with revolvers, prompting the deputies begin shooting.
  • United States Steel Corporation cut wages for its employees for the third time since the year began, with mill workers to get 30 cents per hour effective August 29.[77]
  • Over 1,300 people had to be rescued from the Isle of Man passenger ferry King Orry after it ran aground at New Brighton, Cheshire. King Orry was refloated later that day.[89]
  • Born: Gene Roddenberry, U.S. screenwriter and producer, creator of Star Trek, in El Paso, Texas (d. 1991)[90]
  • Died: Dimitrios Rallis, 81, former Prime Minister of Greece who served five different times between 1897 and 1921[77]

August 20, 1921 (Saturday)

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Litvinov

August 21, 1921 (Sunday)

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Grossmann's mug shot
  • Berlin police arrested German serial killer Karl Grossmann at his apartment, after being called by his neighbors, and found the corpse of a woman, his last victim, on his bed. Grossman had killed and dismembered at least 20 women, and perhaps disposed of some of them in the course of selling sausage from a stall he operated on the Berlin streets. After testifying in his murder trial about the details of some of his murders, Grossmann would hang himself in prison on July 5, 1922, before a verdict could be rendered.[95][96]
  • Three days before the scheduled launch of the U.S. dirigible ZR-2 in England, The Observer, London's Sunday newspaper, warned in an investigative report that ZR-2 had structural defects, including girders within the frame that had bent under the weight of the airship. The newspaper speculated that repair of the defects would take at least three weeks or the flight would have to be postponed until 1922.[97]
  • Born:

August 22, 1921 (Monday)

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Nejd in western Saudi Arabia
  • The Sultanate of Nejd, which would conquer and annex the neighboring Kingdom of Hejaz to create what is now Saudi Arabia, was proclaimed by the Emir of Riyadh, Abdul Aziz ibn Saud.[100][page needed]
  • From his hospital bed in Paris, King Alexander I of Yugoslavia took the oath of accession as required by the Yugoslavian Constitution to become the new monarch of the East European nation. "I proclaim to my dear people that I shall be faithful to my father's ideals and shall watch over the constitutional liberties and rights of citizens and defend the unity of the state," the new King said in a statement, and added, "Being prevented by illness from attending the obsequies of my father and exercising the royal authority, I charge my Cabinet to act for me in the exercise of the royal power... and to follow my instructions until my return to the country."[101]
  • In the aftermath of the Coto War between Panama and Costa Rica, Panamanian authorities evacuated the disputed town of Pueblo Nuevo de Coto, formed by the Panamanians on the banks of the Coto River but determined by an American commission to be in Costa Rican territory. A warning from U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes led the Panamanians to yield the town to the Costa Ricans.[77]
  • The French passenger ship Cordillère was driven ashore on the Tungsha Spit, at the mouth of the Yangtze River in China, along with the British cargo ship Glaucus and the Norwegian cargo ship Henrik, in a typhoon.[102] Cordillère's passengers and some of the crew were taken off on 24 August and all three ships were refloated on 5 September.[103]

August 23, 1921 (Tuesday)

August 24, 1921 (Wednesday)

  • The crash of the U.S. R38 dirigible ZR-2, the world's largest airship, killed 44 of its crew of 49.[107] ZR-2 was on its fourth trial flight before its scheduled delivery to the U.S. Navy and had gone aloft at 7:00 in the morning. At 6:30 p.m., as the airship was returning to a landing at RNAS Howden in Yorkshire, it suffered a structural failure in midair, then exploded and crashed into the Humber Estuary. A subsequent investigation determined that the frame of girders buckled while the pilot was attempting to turn the airship at a speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h).[108]
  • The United States and Austria signed a treaty ending the state of war between the U.S. and the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.[109]
  • The Dow Jones Industrial Average, measure of the performance of the New York Stock Exchange reached a low point of 63.9 after a steady decline that had started on November 3, 1919. For the next eight years, the stock market would make a steady climb ending in August 1929, prior to the stock market crash of October 24, 1929.[110][additional citation(s) needed]
  • In the civil war following the coup d'état in Iran, rebel forces vacated Rasht as Cossack forces loyal to the government arrived.[111]
  • Died: Royal Air Force Commodore Edward Maitland, 41, British aviation pioneer, was killed in the crash of the R-38 airship Z-2.[77]

August 25, 1921 (Thursday)

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USS Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm

August 26, 1921 (Friday)

Erzberger
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Wekerle

August 27, 1921 (Saturday)

August 28, 1921 (Sunday)

  • On the day that the disputed territory of Burgenland, an area of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire claimed after World War One by both Austria and Hungary, was to be awarded to Austria pursuant to the Treaty of Trianon, Hungarian insurgents led by a Captain Hejjas occupied the town of Ödenburg and battled Austrian soldiers at the towns of Agendorf and Pinkafeld.[131]
  • Portugal's Prime Minister Tomé de Barros Queirós and his cabinet resigned after a dispute over whether "milicianos" —veteran military officers who had been drafted into the service and promoted (as opposed to those who had volunteered for the serve and completed officer training)— should be required to go through the training program.[132]
  • Moroccan Rif tribesmen at El Araish (called Larache by the Spanish occupiers), rebelled and killed 200 Spanish Army troops stationed in the garrison at Arba-el-Kola. The garrison would soon be recaptured by Spain.[77]
  • Troops of the Army of Nicaragua fought a battle against rebels who had come across the northern border from Honduras and reached the town of El Sauce.[77]
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    Bolivian President Gueiler
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    Actress Kulp
  • Born:
  • Died: Frederick Upham Adams, 62, American author and inventor of the electric light post[77]

August 29, 1921 (Monday)

August 30, 1921 (Tuesday)

August 31, 1921 (Wednesday)

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