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Börek
Stuffed phyllo pastry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Börek[1][2] or burek or byrek is a family of pastries or pies made in the Middle East and the Balkans. The pastry is made of a thin flaky dough such as filo with a variety of fillings, such as meat, cheese, spinach, or potatoes. A borek may be prepared in a large pan and cut into portions after baking, or as individual pastries. They are usually baked but some varieties can be fried. Borek is sometimes sprinkled with sesame or nigella seeds, and it can be served hot or cold.
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Throughout the Balkan peninsula and in Turkey, it is commonly served with ayran or yogurt. It is a custom of Sephardic Jews to have bourekas for their Shabbat breakfast meal on Saturday mornings.
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Origin and names
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The English name borek[1][2] comes from Turkish börek (Turkish pronunciation: [bœˈɾec], Ottoman بورك), while burek is used in the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Forms in other languages include: Albanian: byrek; Greek: μπουρέκι, romanized: bouréki; Bulgarian: Бюрек, romanized: byurek; Algerian Arabic: بُريك, romanized: bourek and brick annabi; and Tunisian Arabic: brik.[citation needed]
According to lexicographer Sevan Nişanyan, the Turkish word börek is ultimately originated from Turkic bögrek, from böğür (meaning 'kidney').[3] Nişanyan noted that the word is also used in Siberian Turkic languages such as Saqa as börüök.[3] According to another theory, it may have come from the Persian burak (بورک), the diminutive form of būra or buġra or (بوره/بغره), meaning "stew", and refers to any dish made with yufka (filo).[citation needed] The Persian word bureh goes back to the Middle Persian *bōrak. This word ultimately goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root *bher- which meant "to carve, cut, split".[4] The name of another pastry, shekarbura, is also borrowed from the same Persian word.[4] Nişanyan noted the possibility of Turkic origin for the Persian word.[5]
One theory posits that the dish in general is a descendant of the pre-existing Eastern Roman (Byzantine) dish en tyritas plakountas (Byzantine Greek: εν τυρίτας πλακούντας) "cheesy placenta", itself a descendant of placenta, the classical baked layered dough and cheese dish of Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman and Byzantine cuisine.[6][7][8][9]
Some types of borek could possibly have been prepared in Turkish cuisine, according to this theory, they have been developed in Central Asia before some westward migration to Anatolia in the late Middle Ages,[10][11] or by nomadic Turks of Central Asia some time before the seventh century.[12]
The dish was a popular element of Ottoman cuisine, and may have been present at the Ottoman court,[13][10] though there are also indications it was made among Central Asian Turks;[11] other versions may date to the Classical era of the eastern Mediterranean.[6][7][8]
One alternative etymological origin that has been suggested is that the word comes from the Turkic root bur- 'to twist', [14][15] but the sound harmony for this proposal would dictate the suffix "-aq",[16] and Turkic languages in Arabic orthography invariably write börek with an ك not an ق, which weighs against this origin.[citation needed]
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Regional variants
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Burek is popular in the cuisines of the former Byzantine, and Ottoman Empire,[17] especially in North Africa and throughout the Balkans.[18] Borek is also part of Mizrahi and Sephardic Jewish traditions.[19] They have been adopted by the Ottoman Jewish communities, and have been described, along with boyos de pan and bulemas as forming "the trio of preeminent Ottoman Jewish pastries".[20]
Greece
In Greece, boureki (Greek: μπουρέκι), or bourekaki (Greek: μπουρεκάκι), and Cyprus poureki (πουρέκι, in the Greek dialects of the island) are small pastries made with filo dough. Pastries of the Greek burek family are also called pita (pie).[9]
Galaktoboureko (Greek: γαλακτομπούρεκο) is a dessert popular in Greece, Cyprus and also used to be popular in formely Greek/Byzantine regions of Anatolia. It is made of custard, layers of filo dough and covered in syrup. Galaktoboureko is made with a type of pudding called muhallebi or semolina custard.[21][22]
Bougatsa (Greek: μπουγάτσα) is a Greek variation of a burek which consists of either semolina custard, cheese, or minced meat filling between layers of phyllo, and is said to originate in the city of Serres. Nowdays, It is most popular in Thessaloniki, a city that lies in the Central Macedonia region of Northern Greece.[12] Serres achieved the record for the largest puff pastry on 1 June 2008. It weighed 182.2 kg (402 lb), was 20 metres (66 ft) long, and was made by more than 40 bakers.[13]
Tiropita (Greek: τυρóπιτα, "cheese-pie") is a Greek pastry made with layers of buttered filo dough and filled with a cheese-egg mixture. It is served either in an individual-size free-form wrapped shape, or as a larger pie that is portioned.[16] When made with kasseri cheese, it may be called kasseropita (κασερόπιτα).[17]
Spanakopita (Greek: σπανακόπιτα, from σπανάκι spanáki'spinach', and πίτα píta 'pie') is a Greek savory spinach pie that often also contains cheese, typically feta. In such a case it may be called spanakotiropita (Greek: σπανακοτυρόπιτα "spinach-cheese pie"). In southern Greece, the term spanakopita is also common for the versions with cheese. A version without cheese and eggs is eaten during religious fasts throughout Greece. Spanakopita appears in many traditional Greek cookbooks and appears in numerous restaurants and hotel menus throughout Greece and internationally.[20][23]
In Epirus, σκερ-μπουρέκ is a marzipan-like sweet flavored with rose water from Konitsa, traditionally offered at major celebrations such as weddings, engagements, and during Lent. It was considered a difficult dessert, due to the rarity and refinement of Its aroma.[19]
In Venetian Corfu, boureki was also called burriche,[14] and filled with meat and leafy greens. The Pontian Greek piroski (πιροσκί) derives its name from borek too.[15] It is almost identical in name and form to pirozhki (Russian: пирожки), which is of Slavic origin, and popular in Russia and further east.[24]
Yogoslavia
In the former Yugoslavia, burek, also known as pita in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is an extremely common dish, made with yufka.[25] This kind of pastry is also popular in Croatia, where it was imported by Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albanians. In Serbia, Albania, Kosovo, Croatia, Montenegro and North Macedonia, burek is made from layers of dough, alternating with layers of other fillings in a circular baking pan and then topped with a last layer of dough. Traditionally, it may be baked with no filling (prazan, meaning empty), with stewed minced meat and onions, or with cheese. Modern bakeries offer cheese and spinach, meat, apple, sour cherries, potato, mushroom, and other fillings. It is often eaten along with a plain yoghurt drink.
Zeljanica is a spinach or chard based burek common throughout the Balkans.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In 2012, Lonely Planet included the Bosnian burek in their "The World's Best Street Food" book.[25][26] Eaten for any meal of the day, in Bosnia and Herzegovina the burek is a meat-filled pastry, traditionally rolled in a spiral and cut into sections for serving. The same spiral filled with cottage cheese is called sirnica, with spinach and cheese zeljanica, with potatoes krompiruša, and all of them are generically referred to as pita. Eggs are used as a binding agent when making sirnica and zeljanica.
Bulgaria and North Macedonia
The Bulgarian version of the pastry, locally called byurek (Cyrillic: бюрек), is typically regarded as a variation of banitsa (баница), a similar Bulgarian dish. Bulgarian byurek is a type of banitsa with sirene cheese, the difference being that byurek also has eggs added.[27]
In Bulgarian, byurek has also come to be applied to other dishes similarly prepared with cheese and eggs, such as chushka byurek (чушка бюрек), a peeled and roasted pepper filled with cheese, and tikvichka byurek (тиквичка бюрек), blanched or uncooked bits of squash with eggs filling.[27]
Serbia
The recipe for "round" burek was developed in the Serbian town of Niš. In 1498, it was introduced by a famous Turkish baker, Mehmed Oğlu, from Istanbul.[28] Eventually burek spread from the southeast (southern Serbia, Kosovo and North Macedonia) to the rest of Yugoslavia. Niš hosts an annual burek competition and festival called Buregdžijada. In 2005, a 100 kg (220 lbs) burek was made, with a diameter of 2 metres (≈6 ft)[29] and it is considered to have been the world's biggest burek ever made.[30][better source needed]
Slovenia
In Slovenia, burek is a recognizable and widely available fast food, particularly among students and in urban nightlife settings. While it enjoys popularity in certain contexts, it also carries complex cultural associations linked to its Balkan origins, and is not universally embraced as part of mainstream Slovenian cuisine.[31]
Albania and Kosovo
In Albania, this dish is called (Albanian: byrek). In Kosovo and few other regions, byrek is also known as "pite". Byrek is traditionally made with several layers of dough that have been thinly rolled out by hand. The final form can be small, individual triangles, especially from street vendors called "byrektore" which sell byrek and other traditional pastries and drinks. It can also be made as one large byrek that is cut into smaller pieces. There are different regional variations of byrek. It can be served cold or hot.
The most common fillings include: cheese (especially gjizë, salted curd cheese), ground meat and onions (ragù-style filling), spinach and eggs, milk and eggs with pre-baked dough layers, it can also be made with tomato and onions, peppers and beans, potato or a sweet filling of pumpkin, nettles (known as byrek me hithra), or kidney beans (byrek me fasule) which is popular in winter.[32]
There are mainly two categories of Albanian Byrek. The house byrek (byrek shtëpie) and triangle byrek (byrek trekendësh), the latter being mostly used as street food.
Lakror is an Albanian pie dish from southern Albania. The pie is sometimes called a type of byrek pastry.[33][34][35] Lakror is generally filled with a variety of greens or meats.[35] Another related dish is Fli, typical from the North of Albania and Kosovo. It is made up of layers of a flour and water batter, cream and butter. Traditionally, it is baked on embers like lakror.[32]
Moldova and Romania
The regional cuisine of the Moldavian West bank of the Pruth still yields a type of dumpling-like food called burechiuşe (sometimes called burechiţe) which is described as dough in the shape of a ravioli-like square which is filled with mushrooms such as Boletus edulis, and sealed around its edges and then tossed and subsequently boiled in borscht like soups[36] or chorbas.[37][better source needed] They are traditionally eaten in the last day of fasting at the time of the Christmas Eve. It is not clear if the burechiuşe derive their name from the Turco-Greek börek (which is a distinct possibility given the fact that Moldavia was ruled for many decades by dynasties of Greek Phanariotes and that encouraged Greek colonists to settle in the area), so at the receiving end of cultural and culinary influences coming from them, or it takes its name from that of the mushroom Boletus (burete in its Romanian language rhotacised version, and it meant "mushroom" as well as "sponge") by the pattern of the ravioli, which were named after the Italian name of the turnip with which they were once filled.[38]
In Romania, the plăcintă is considered a variation of the phyllo-wrapped pie, with the dough traditionally stuffed with cheese.[39] In Dobruja, an eastern territory that used to be a Turkish province, one can find both the Turkish influence—plăcintă dobrogeană either filled with cheese or with minced meat and served with sheep yoghurt or the Tatar street food Suberek—a deep-fried half-moon cheese-filled dough.
Other countries
Algeria
In Algeria, this dish is called bourek, a roll of pastry sheet stuffed with meat, onions, and spice, is one of the main appetizers of Algerian cuisine.[40]
It is a starter served when receiving guests and especially during Ramadan evenings during the round meal of the holy month, usually accompanied by Algerian Chorba or Harira. Other forms include bourek packed with chicken and onions, shrimp and béchamel sauce, or a vegetarian alternative usually made of mashed potatoes and spinach.[41]
Another Algerian variant of Bourek is called Brik or Brika, a speciality of Algeria's east,[42][43] notably Annaba. It is a savory entree made from brik leaf, stuffed with mashed potatoes and a mixture of minced meat, onions, cheese and parsley. The whole is topped with a seasoned raw egg which cooks once the sheet of brik has been folded and soaked in boiling oil.[44]
Armenia
In Armenia, byorek (Armenian: բյորեկ) or borek (Armenian: բորեկ) consists of dough, or filo dough, folded into triangles and stuffed with spinach, onions and Armenian cheeses or ground beef.[45]
Panri borek (Armenian: պանրի բորեկ), or cheese borek, is the most widespread variant in Armenian homes and bakeries. It is typically filled with cheeses such as lori, chechil, or motal. The filling is often mixed with herbs like tarragon or parsley and encased in folded or rolled phyllo dough. In some regions, lavash is often used instead of phyllo. This variety is often served during breakfast, or at festive gatherings.[46][47]
Msov borek (Armenian: մսով բորեկ, “meat borek”) is a savory pastry made with seasoned ground beef or lamb, often including onions. It is usually fried and served hot. In the diaspora, triangular fried versions are especially popular and often appear on meze platters during New Year’s and Easter feasts.[48]
Spanakhov borek (Armenian: սպանախով բորեկ), or spinach borek, is filled with chopped spinach and cheese, and sometimes eggs or onion. It is reminiscent of the Greek spanakopita but reflects Armenian taste with a different seasoning and different cheese blends. It is eaten both warm and cold and is also prepared without dairy during Lent.[49][50]
Israel
Burekas (Hebrew: בורקס) have long been part of Sephardic Jewish cuisine, ever since the migration of a large portion of that community to the Ottoman Empire following the Expulsion of Jews from Spain. The name "burekas" is the plural form of the original Balkan dish, as conjugated in Judaeo-Spanish. The name refers both to larger varieties (palm-sized or larger) and smaller varieties (originally called "Burekitas" by contrast, though the word has fallen out of use in Modern Hebrew). Burekas were later introduced to Israel by Sephardi immigrants from communities in Turkey and the Balkans during Ottoman rule. They are now sold commonly in bakeries, as well as dedicated market stalls, throughout the country.
Israeli Burkeas may be prepared with a variety of different fillings; although meat is less-commonly used because of Jewish dietary laws - specifically the prohibition against mixing milk and meat. Many types of burekas prepared and sold in Israel (particularly those that do not contain cheese) are made with Margarine-based doughs rather than butter-based doughs, in order to make them Parve - allowing them to be eaten as part of any type of meal. The most popular fillings are salty cheese (primarily Feta), spinach, eggplant and mashed potato. Other fillings include mushrooms, sweet potato, chickpeas, olives, mallows, swiss chard, and tomato sauce (known as "burekas pizza"). Burekas are traditionally offered as snacks during large gatherings and even office meetings. Multiple locally-made brands and varieties of pre-made, frozen burekas (for quick baking or frying) are commonly sold in grocery stores.
Other related pastries traditionally consumed by Sephardic Jews include bulemas and boyoz, which are also popular in the Turkish city of Izmir.[51]
Libya
It is also a popular dish in Libya, where it is known as brik.[52]
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, Burēk (Arabic: بُريك, Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [bʊˈre̞ːk]), is usually made in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, it mostly resembles the Bosnian rolled burek but can also come in other variants, and it is stuffed with minced meat or with salty cheese and dill. It is usually served during the month of Ramadan, same goes to samosas.
Tunisia
In Tunisia, there is a variant known as the brik (/briːk/ BREEK; بريك) that consists of thin crepe-like pastry around a filling and is commonly deep fried. The best-known is the egg brik, a whole egg in a triangular pastry pocket with chopped onion, tuna, harissa and parsley.[53] The Tunisian brik is also very popular in Israel, due to the large Tunisian Jewish population there. It is often filled with a raw egg and herbs or tuna, harissa, and olives, and it is sometimes served in a pita. This is also known as a boreeka.[54]
Crimean Tatar
In Crimea, crimean tatars, a turkic ethnic group, prepare their own varieties of burek (Crimean Tatar: börek).
The most popular variety Tatar börek variety is Cheburek (Crimean Tatar: çiberek). These are deep-fried turnovers with a filling of ground or minced meat and onions. A popular street dish, they are made with a single round piece of dough folded over the filling in a crescent shape.They have become widespread in the former Soviet-aligned countries of Eastern Europe (especially Russia), Turkey and Turkmenistan in the 20th century.[55][56][57][58][18]
A less popular variety is Töbörek, which is essentially like cheburek, the only difference being that it is baked instead of fried.[26]
Turkey
The word börek in Turkish can be modified by a descriptive word referring to the shape, ingredients of the pastry, or a specific region where it is typically prepared, as in the above kol böreği, su böreği, talaş böreği or Sarıyer böreği. There are many variations of börek in Turkish cuisine:
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See also
- Banitsa – Southeastern European pastry
- Bierock – Beef-filled pastry
- Bourekas – Filled pastry in Sephardic Jewish cuisine
- Boyoz – Turkish pastry of Sephardic Jewish origin
- Chausson aux pommes – French viennoiserie filled with applesauce
- Gibanica – Serbian dish of filo, cheese and eggs
- Khuushuur – Mongolian fried meat pastry or dumpling
- Pastel – Name given to different typical sugary dishes of many countries of Hispanic or Portuguese origin
- Pirog – Pastry of Eastern European origin
- Pirozhki – Fried/baked filled bun common in Eastern European cuisine
- Samosa – Deep-fried pastry snack
- Zelnik – Savoury Bulgarian pastry
- List of ancient dishes and foods
- List of pastries
References
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