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Syndromic autism
Autism associated with another medical condition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Syndromic autism (or syndromic autism spectrum disorder) denotes cases of autism that are associated with a broader medical condition, generally a syndrome. Cases without such association, which account for the majority of total autism cases, are known as non-syndromic autism (or non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder).
![]() | This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (June 2023) |
Studying the differences and similarities (e.g., common pathways) between syndromic and non-syndromic cases can provide insights about the pathophysiology of autism and pave the way to new autism therapies.[1][2][3][4]
Syndromic autism represents about 25% of the total ASD cases.[4][5] In most cases, its etiology is known.[2][4] Monogenic disorders are one of the causes of syndromic autism, which in this case are also known as monogenic autism spectrum disorders. They account for about 5% of the total ASD cases.[citation needed]
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Classification
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A 2017 study proposed to replace the classification syndromic/non-syndromic ASD into one based on the genetic etiology of the condition, specifying if the syndromic condition occurs in the context of a "phenotype first" clinically defined syndrome or from a "genotype first" molecularly defined syndrome.[4][clarification needed]
Following the proposal, ASD would be divided into genetic categories, including:[4]
Clinically defined
Syndromes recognized by clinicians (depending on their experience), typically confirmed by a targeted genetic testing.
- Chromosomal (e.g., Down syndrome)
- Syndromes caused by mutations in single genes (e.g., NF1 mutation, tuberous sclerosis, PTEN-associated macrocephaly syndrome, some males with fragile X syndrome)
- Syndromes caused by CNVs (e.g., DiGeorge syndrome)
- Teratogens (e.g., fetal valproate spectrum disorder)
Molecularly defined
Syndromes recognized by genome-wide testing, not by hypothesis-driven testing (since clinical recognition is difficult).
- Chromosomal (e.g., isodicentric 15q)
- Autism-associated genes (e.g., ADNP, ARIDB1B, ANK2, SCN2A)
- Autism-associated CNVs (e.g., 16p11.2 deletion/duplication, exonic NRXN1 deletions)
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