Charaxes pollux

Charaxes pollux, the black-bordered charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

Black-bordered charaxes
Charaxes pollux, underwings
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Subfamily:	Charaxinae
Tribe:	Charaxini
Genus:	Charaxes
Species:	C. pollux
Binomial name
Charaxes pollux (Cramer, 1775)[1][2]
Synonyms
Papilio pollux Cramer, 1775 Papilio camulus Drury, 1782 Charaxes pollux ab. subalbescens Hall, 1930 Charaxes pollux bungense Stoneham, 1932 Charaxes pollux ab. ongeus Stoneham, 1932 Charaxes pollux zinjense Stoneham, 1932 Charaxes pollux mirabilis Turlin, 1989

Distribution and habitat

Charaxes pollux can be found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, the Central African Republic, Gabon, Angola, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe.^[2][3] The habitat consists of Afrotropical forests, gallery forests and heavy woodland.

Description

For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

In Charaxes pollux forewings can reach a length of 36–45 millimetres (1.4–1.8 in) in males, of 41–51 millimetres (1.6–2.0 in) in females. The upperside of the forewings is tawny in the basal area, with a broad ochraceous orange post-discal band and a black wide border. The upperside of the hindwings is rather similar, but it has a whitish discal area and pale blue submarginal spots. The underside is red-chestnut, with a white discal band and a series of black bars bordered with white. The edge of the wings is sharply dentate.^[4] Seitz-The discal band of the upper surface is dark orange-yellow; the tails of the hind wing only 3–4 mm. in length; the hindwing above with a deep black, unspotted marginal band, 9–10 mm. in breadth; the forewing with small brown marginal spots. On the under surface the black, white-bordered spots are almost as numerous as in hansali and on the hindwing there are three in cellule 8 and two in cellule 7. Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda. — geminus Rothsch. differs in having small brown marginal spots on the hindwing above, at least in cellules 4—6. Manicaland, Nyassaland, Kilimandjaro.^[5] Similar to Charaxes ansorgei but male lacking a white band on the hindwing upperside.^[6]

Gallery

• 
  C. p. pollux from the CAR - upperside
• 
  C. p. pollux from the CAR - underside
• 
  Illustration from Fauna Africana (1910)

Subspecies

Subspecies include:^[2]

• C. p. pollux (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, northern Angola, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern and north-western Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi, southern Sudan, Uganda, western and central Kenya, western Tanzania)
• C. p. annamariae Turlin, 1998^[7] (Bioko)
• C. p. gazanus van Someren, 1967 (Mozambique: west to area between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers), eastern Zimbabwe)
• C. p. geminus Rothschild, 1900^[8] (Malawi, Zambia: east of the Luangwa Valley), southern and eastern Tanzania, south-eastern Kenya)
• C. p. maua van Someren, 1967^[9] (northern Tanzania)
• C. p. mira Ackery, 1995^[10] (north-eastern Tanzania)
• C. p. piersoni Collins, 1990^[11] (Zanzibar)

Natural history

Life-sized colour plates and description of the larval and pupal stages of C. pollux and additional related species, illustrated by Dr. V. G. L. van Someren, are readily available.^[12] The larvae feed on Sorindeia species, Bersama abyssinica, Deinbollia kilimandsharica, Deinbollia borbonica, Fluggia microcarpa, Securinega virosa and Fluggia virosa.^[2] Adults are probably on wing year round.^[13]

Notes on the biology of pollux are given by Pringle et al (1994), Larsen (1991), Larsen (2005) and Kielland (1990). ^{[14] [15][16][17]}

Related species

Historical attempts to assemble a cluster of presumably related species into a "Charaxes jasius Group" have not been wholly convincing. More recent taxonomic revision,^[18] corroborated by phylogenetic research, allow a more rational grouping congruent with cladistic relationships. Within a well-populated clade of 27 related species sharing a common ancestor approximately 16 mya during the Miocene,^[19] 26 are now considered together as The jasius Group.^[18] One of the two lineages within this clade forms a robust monophyletic group of seven species sharing a common ancestor approximately 2-3 mya, i.e. during the Pliocene,^[19] and are considered as the jasius subgroup.^[18] The second lineage leads to 19 other species within the Jasius group, which are split into three well-populated subgroups of closely related species.

The jasius Group (26 Species):^[18]

Clade 1: jasius subgroup (7 species)

Clade 2: contains the well-populated three additional subgroups (19 species) of the jasius Group: called the brutus, pollux, and eudoxus subgroups.^[18]

• the pollux subgroup (4 species):
• Charaxes pollux
• Charaxes phoebus
• Charaxes ansorgei
• Charaxes dowsetti

Further exploration of the phylogenetic relationships amongst existing Charaxes taxa is required to improve clarity.