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Cuneiform (Unicode block)

Unicode character block From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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See also: Early Dynastic Cuneiform (Unicode block) and Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation (Unicode block)

In Unicode, the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in three blocks in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP):

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The sample glyphs in the chart file published by the Unicode Consortium[3] show the characters in their Classical Sumerian form (Early Dynastic period, mid 3rd millennium BC). The characters as written during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC, during which the vast majority of cuneiform texts were written, are considered font variants of the same characters.

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Character inventory and ordering

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Further information: List of cuneiform signs

The final proposal for Unicode encoding of the script was submitted by two cuneiform scholars working with an experienced Unicode proposal writer in June 2004.[4] The base character inventory is derived from the list of Ur III signs compiled by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative of UCLA based on the inventories of Miguel Civil, Rykle Borger (2003), and Robert Englund. Rather than opting for a direct ordering by glyph shape and complexity, according to the numbering of an existing catalogue, the Unicode order of glyphs was based on the Latin alphabetic order of their 'main' Sumerian transliteration as a practical approximation.

Of the 907 signs listed by Borger (2003), some 200 have no encoding at a single code point. Conversely, a number of combinations considered reducible by Borger were assigned unique code points. These differences are due to the difficulty of establishing what represents a single character in cuneiform, and indeed most of Borger's items not encoded have straightforward etymological decomposition. There are still quite a number of universally recognized signs missing, and criticism has been voiced to the effect that the encoding "disregards an important part of the accumulated knowledge of generations of assyriologists about what actually function as single signs in normal texts, and are reflected in the traditional sign lists, most recently and comprehensively Borger's Mesopotamische Zeichenliste".[5] For example, there are signs written as ligatures of varying constituent signs, such as KURUM7 (Borger 2003 no. 729) that was written IGI.NÍG in early times, but later IGI.ERIM. Since there is no code point for KURUM7, the sign must be expressed as either IGI.NÍG (U+12146 U+1243C, 𒅆𒐼) or IGI.ERIM (U+12146 U+1209F, 𒅆𒂟) depending on the shape of the glyph, in violation[citation needed] of the basic principle of Unicode to encode characters, not glyphs. While those signs can in principle still be added by a "Cuneiform Extended" range in the future, as has been done for a number of other scripts ("Latin Extended" etc.), their absence as of Unicode 7.0 means that the standard's usability for the encoding of actual texts is limited.

Rather than opting for an ordering by glyph shape and complexity, the Unicode order of characters is the Latin alphabet order of their "main" Sumerian transliteration (placing signs on Š-, transliterated as SH-, between SAR and SI). In most (but not all) cases, the "etymological" decomposition of originally complex signs ("ligatures") has been chosen, even if the sign's most familiar value is another. For example, U+12066 𒁦 CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES LU PLUS MASH2 is better known as AMAŠ, U+12258 𒉘 CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES NE is better known as ÁG, and U+1212F 𒄯 CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES ASH2 is better known as ḪAR or ḪUR.

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List of signs

See also: List of cuneiform signs

The following table allows matching of Borger's 1981 and 2003 numbering with Unicode characters [6] The "primary" transliteration column has the glyphs' Sumerian values as given by the official glyph name, slightly modified here for legibility by including traditional assyriological symbols such as "x" rather than "TIMES". The exact Unicode names can be unambiguously recovered by prefixing, "CUNEIFORM [NUMERIC] SIGN", replacing "TIMES" for "x", "PLUS" for "+" and "OVER" for "/", "ASTERISK" for "*", "H" for "Ḫ", "SH" for "Š", and switching to uppercase.

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Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform

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Code chart

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Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script was added to the Unicode Standard in July, 2006 with the release of version 5.0.

The Unicode block for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform is U+12000–U+123FF:

Cuneiform[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+1200x 𒀀 𒀁 𒀂 𒀃 𒀄 𒀅 𒀆 𒀇 𒀈 𒀉 𒀊 𒀋 𒀌 𒀍 𒀎 𒀏
U+1201x 𒀐 𒀑 𒀒 𒀓 𒀔 𒀕 𒀖 𒀗 𒀘 𒀙 𒀚 𒀛 𒀜 𒀝 𒀞 𒀟
U+1202x 𒀠 𒀡 𒀢 𒀣 𒀤 𒀥 𒀦 𒀧 𒀨 𒀩 𒀪 𒀫 𒀬 𒀭 𒀮 𒀯
U+1203x 𒀰 𒀱 𒀲 𒀳 𒀴 𒀵 𒀶 𒀷 𒀸 𒀹 𒀺 𒀻 𒀼 𒀽 𒀾 𒀿
U+1204x 𒁀 𒁁 𒁂 𒁃 𒁄 𒁅 𒁆 𒁇 𒁈 𒁉 𒁊 𒁋 𒁌 𒁍 𒁎 𒁏
U+1205x 𒁐 𒁑 𒁒 𒁓 𒁔 𒁕 𒁖 𒁗 𒁘 𒁙 𒁚 𒁛 𒁜 𒁝 𒁞 𒁟
U+1206x 𒁠 𒁡 𒁢 𒁣 𒁤 𒁥 𒁦 𒁧 𒁨 𒁩 𒁪 𒁫 𒁬 𒁭 𒁮 𒁯
U+1207x 𒁰 𒁱 𒁲 𒁳 𒁴 𒁵 𒁶 𒁷 𒁸 𒁹 𒁺 𒁻 𒁼 𒁽 𒁾 𒁿
U+1208x 𒂀 𒂁 𒂂 𒂃 𒂄 𒂅 𒂆 𒂇 𒂈 𒂉 𒂊 𒂋 𒂌 𒂍 𒂎 𒂏
U+1209x 𒂐 𒂑 𒂒 𒂓 𒂔 𒂕 𒂖 𒂗 𒂘 𒂙 𒂚 𒂛 𒂜 𒂝 𒂞 𒂟
U+120Ax 𒂠 𒂡 𒂢 𒂣 𒂤 𒂥 𒂦 𒂧 𒂨 𒂩 𒂪 𒂫 𒂬 𒂭 𒂮 𒂯
U+120Bx 𒂰 𒂱 𒂲 𒂳 𒂴 𒂵 𒂶 𒂷 𒂸 𒂹 𒂺 𒂻 𒂼 𒂽 𒂾 𒂿
U+120Cx 𒃀 𒃁 𒃂 𒃃 𒃄 𒃅 𒃆 𒃇 𒃈 𒃉 𒃊 𒃋 𒃌 𒃍 𒃎 𒃏
U+120Dx 𒃐 𒃑 𒃒 𒃓 𒃔 𒃕 𒃖 𒃗 𒃘 𒃙 𒃚 𒃛 𒃜 𒃝 𒃞 𒃟
U+120Ex 𒃠 𒃡 𒃢 𒃣 𒃤 𒃥 𒃦 𒃧 𒃨 𒃩 𒃪 𒃫 𒃬 𒃭 𒃮 𒃯
U+120Fx 𒃰 𒃱 𒃲 𒃳 𒃴 𒃵 𒃶 𒃷 𒃸 𒃹 𒃺 𒃻 𒃼 𒃽 𒃾 𒃿
U+1210x 𒄀 𒄁 𒄂 𒄃 𒄄 𒄅 𒄆 𒄇 𒄈 𒄉 𒄊 𒄋 𒄌 𒄍 𒄎 𒄏
U+1211x 𒄐 𒄑 𒄒 𒄓 𒄔 𒄕 𒄖 𒄗 𒄘 𒄙 𒄚 𒄛 𒄜 𒄝 𒄞 𒄟
U+1212x 𒄠 𒄡 𒄢 𒄣 𒄤 𒄥 𒄦 𒄧 𒄨 𒄩 𒄪 𒄫 𒄬 𒄭 𒄮 𒄯
U+1213x 𒄰 𒄱 𒄲 𒄳 𒄴 𒄵 𒄶 𒄷 𒄸 𒄹 𒄺 𒄻 𒄼 𒄽 𒄾 𒄿
U+1214x 𒅀 𒅁 𒅂 𒅃 𒅄 𒅅 𒅆 𒅇 𒅈 𒅉 𒅊 𒅋 𒅌 𒅍 𒅎 𒅏
U+1215x 𒅐 𒅑 𒅒 𒅓 𒅔 𒅕 𒅖 𒅗 𒅘 𒅙 𒅚 𒅛 𒅜 𒅝 𒅞 𒅟
U+1216x 𒅠 𒅡 𒅢 𒅣 𒅤 𒅥 𒅦 𒅧 𒅨 𒅩 𒅪 𒅫 𒅬 𒅭 𒅮 𒅯
U+1217x 𒅰 𒅱 𒅲 𒅳 𒅴 𒅵 𒅶 𒅷 𒅸 𒅹 𒅺 𒅻 𒅼 𒅽 𒅾 𒅿
U+1218x 𒆀 𒆁 𒆂 𒆃 𒆄 𒆅 𒆆 𒆇 𒆈 𒆉 𒆊 𒆋 𒆌 𒆍 𒆎 𒆏
U+1219x 𒆐 𒆑 𒆒 𒆓 𒆔 𒆕 𒆖 𒆗 𒆘 𒆙 𒆚 𒆛 𒆜 𒆝 𒆞 𒆟
U+121Ax 𒆠 𒆡 𒆢 𒆣 𒆤 𒆥 𒆦 𒆧 𒆨 𒆩 𒆪 𒆫 𒆬 𒆭 𒆮 𒆯
U+121Bx 𒆰 𒆱 𒆲 𒆳 𒆴 𒆵 𒆶 𒆷 𒆸 𒆹 𒆺 𒆻 𒆼 𒆽 𒆾 𒆿
U+121Cx 𒇀 𒇁 𒇂 𒇃 𒇄 𒇅 𒇆 𒇇 𒇈 𒇉 𒇊 𒇋 𒇌 𒇍 𒇎 𒇏
U+121Dx 𒇐 𒇑 𒇒 𒇓 𒇔 𒇕 𒇖 𒇗 𒇘 𒇙 𒇚 𒇛 𒇜 𒇝 𒇞 𒇟
U+121Ex 𒇠 𒇡 𒇢 𒇣 𒇤 𒇥 𒇦 𒇧 𒇨 𒇩 𒇪 𒇫 𒇬 𒇭 𒇮 𒇯
U+121Fx 𒇰 𒇱 𒇲 𒇳 𒇴 𒇵 𒇶 𒇷 𒇸 𒇹 𒇺 𒇻 𒇼 𒇽 𒇾 𒇿
U+1220x 𒈀 𒈁 𒈂 𒈃 𒈄 𒈅 𒈆 𒈇 𒈈 𒈉 𒈊 𒈋 𒈌 𒈍 𒈎 𒈏
U+1221x 𒈐 𒈑 𒈒 𒈓 𒈔 𒈕 𒈖 𒈗 𒈘 𒈙 𒈚 𒈛 𒈜 𒈝 𒈞 𒈟
U+1222x 𒈠 𒈡 𒈢 𒈣 𒈤 𒈥 𒈦 𒈧 𒈨 𒈩 𒈪 𒈫 𒈬 𒈭 𒈮 𒈯
U+1223x 𒈰 𒈱 𒈲 𒈳 𒈴 𒈵 𒈶 𒈷 𒈸 𒈹 𒈺 𒈻 𒈼 𒈽 𒈾 𒈿
U+1224x 𒉀 𒉁 𒉂 𒉃 𒉄 𒉅 𒉆 𒉇 𒉈 𒉉 𒉊 𒉋 𒉌 𒉍 𒉎 𒉏
U+1225x 𒉐 𒉑 𒉒 𒉓 𒉔 𒉕 𒉖 𒉗 𒉘 𒉙 𒉚 𒉛 𒉜 𒉝 𒉞 𒉟
U+1226x 𒉠 𒉡 𒉢 𒉣 𒉤 𒉥 𒉦 𒉧 𒉨 𒉩 𒉪 𒉫 𒉬 𒉭 𒉮 𒉯
U+1227x 𒉰 𒉱 𒉲 𒉳 𒉴 𒉵 𒉶 𒉷 𒉸 𒉹 𒉺 𒉻 𒉼 𒉽 𒉾 𒉿
U+1228x 𒊀 𒊁 𒊂 𒊃 𒊄 𒊅 𒊆 𒊇 𒊈 𒊉 𒊊 𒊋 𒊌 𒊍 𒊎 𒊏
U+1229x 𒊐 𒊑 𒊒 𒊓 𒊔 𒊕 𒊖 𒊗 𒊘 𒊙 𒊚 𒊛 𒊜 𒊝 𒊞 𒊟
U+122Ax 𒊠 𒊡 𒊢 𒊣 𒊤 𒊥 𒊦 𒊧 𒊨 𒊩 𒊪 𒊫 𒊬 𒊭 𒊮 𒊯
U+122Bx 𒊰 𒊱 𒊲 𒊳 𒊴 𒊵 𒊶 𒊷 𒊸 𒊹 𒊺 𒊻 𒊼 𒊽 𒊾 𒊿
U+122Cx 𒋀 𒋁 𒋂 𒋃 𒋄 𒋅 𒋆 𒋇 𒋈 𒋉 𒋊 𒋋 𒋌 𒋍 𒋎 𒋏
U+122Dx 𒋐 𒋑 𒋒 𒋓 𒋔 𒋕 𒋖 𒋗 𒋘 𒋙 𒋚 𒋛 𒋜 𒋝 𒋞 𒋟
U+122Ex 𒋠 𒋡 𒋢 𒋣 𒋤 𒋥 𒋦 𒋧 𒋨 𒋩 𒋪 𒋫 𒋬 𒋭 𒋮 𒋯
U+122Fx 𒋰 𒋱 𒋲 𒋳 𒋴 𒋵 𒋶 𒋷 𒋸 𒋹 𒋺 𒋻 𒋼 𒋽 𒋾 𒋿
U+1230x 𒌀 𒌁 𒌂 𒌃 𒌄 𒌅 𒌆 𒌇 𒌈 𒌉 𒌊 𒌋 𒌌 𒌍 𒌎 𒌏
U+1231x 𒌐 𒌑 𒌒 𒌓 𒌔 𒌕 𒌖 𒌗 𒌘 𒌙 𒌚 𒌛 𒌜 𒌝 𒌞 𒌟
U+1232x 𒌠 𒌡 𒌢 𒌣 𒌤 𒌥 𒌦 𒌧 𒌨 𒌩 𒌪 𒌫 𒌬 𒌭 𒌮 𒌯
U+1233x 𒌰 𒌱 𒌲 𒌳 𒌴 𒌵 𒌶 𒌷 𒌸 𒌹 𒌺 𒌻 𒌼 𒌽 𒌾 𒌿
U+1234x 𒍀 𒍁 𒍂 𒍃 𒍄 𒍅 𒍆 𒍇 𒍈 𒍉 𒍊 𒍋 𒍌 𒍍 𒍎 𒍏
U+1235x 𒍐 𒍑 𒍒 𒍓 𒍔 𒍕 𒍖 𒍗 𒍘 𒍙 𒍚 𒍛 𒍜 𒍝 𒍞 𒍟
U+1236x 𒍠 𒍡 𒍢 𒍣 𒍤 𒍥 𒍦 𒍧 𒍨 𒍩 𒍪 𒍫 𒍬 𒍭 𒍮 𒍯
U+1237x 𒍰 𒍱 𒍲 𒍳 𒍴 𒍵 𒍶 𒍷 𒍸 𒍹 𒍺 𒍻 𒍼 𒍽 𒍾 𒍿
U+1238x 𒎀 𒎁 𒎂 𒎃 𒎄 𒎅 𒎆 𒎇 𒎈 𒎉 𒎊 𒎋 𒎌 𒎍 𒎎 𒎏
U+1239x 𒎐 𒎑 𒎒 𒎓 𒎔 𒎕 𒎖 𒎗 𒎘 𒎙
U+123Ax
U+123Bx
U+123Cx
U+123Dx
U+123Ex
U+123Fx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
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History

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The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Cuneiform block:

More information Version, Final code points ...
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