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Demographics of England

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Demographics of England
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The demographics of England have been measured by the decennial national census since 1801, and are marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was about 56,489,800.[4]

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Map of population density in England as at the 2011 census
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The non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities of England in 2020 by total population.
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Population

The population of England in 2021 was estimated to be 56,489,800.[4][5] This is the most recent census.[4] In the previous census, in 2011, the population was 53,012,456.

Data for the 2021 census:

Historical population

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Population of England over time

Domesday Population

Russell (1948) states that the fundamental demographic categories of the Domesday Survey in 1086 were broadly similar to that of the Poll Tax Survey of 1377.[8] These were:

There was a recorded 740 monks, 200 nuns and 4500 secular clergy in 1086.[8] The counties of Cheshire, Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire all had different boundaries to their modern namesakes and had uncharacteristically low populations due to the Harrying of the North.

Estimated Population of Domesday Counties[8]
County Landed group Burghal group Total
Bedfordshire 13,562 420 13,982
Berkshire 22,082 2,558 24,640
Buckinghamshire 18,879 560 19,439
Cambridgeshire 18,098 1,960 20,058
Cornwall 19,033 19,033
Derbyshire 9,982 490 10,472
Devon 60,095 2,562 62,657
Dorset 26,736 3,152 29,888
Essex 53,991 2,082 56,073
Gloucestershire 28,749 5,138 33,877
Hampshire 35,312 7,032 42,344
Herefordshire 18,543 1,991 20,534
Hertfordshire 14,388 1,558 15,946
Huntingdonshire 8,998 1,316 10,314
Kent 40,348 8,238 48,586
Leicestershire 23,320 1,278 24,598
Lincolnshire 83,384 6,957 90,341
Middlesex 7,833 17,850 25,683
Norfolk 87,437 8,001 95,438
Northamptonshire 29,008 1,032 30,040
Nottinghamshire 19,040 1,190 20,230
Oxfordshire 23,706 1,431 25,137
Rutland 2,992 2,992
Shropshire 17,056- 922 17,978
Somerset 46,473 3,811 50,284
Staffordshire 10,874 746 11,620
Suffolk 68,870 4,248 73,118
Surrey 14,728 1,197 15,925
Sussex 35,490 7,133 42,623
Warwickshire 22,631 1,284 23,915
Wiltshire 34,489 6,416 40,905
Worcestershire 15,449 1,550 16,999
Cheshire 4,038 2,142 6,180
Cumberland 5,971 5,971
Durham 3,983 1,000 4,983
Lancashire 7,385 7,385
Northumberland 7,927 7,927
Westmorland 3,098 3,098
Yorkshire 23,827 4,726 28,553
Total 987,805 111,971 1,099,766

Russell (1948) therefore calculates a total English population in 1086 as 1,105,216 including burgesses, landowners and clergy. To this he adds estimates of Wales (100,000), Ireland (400,000) and Scotland (120,000) for a total British Isles population of roughly 1,720,000.[8]

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Vital statistics

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[16] [17] This is UK wide information.

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(c) = Census results.

In 2024, 34.7% of live births were to mothers born outside the UK and for 40.4% of live births, one or both parents were born outside of the UK.[18]

Current vital statistics

The number of registered births and deaths correspond to England and Wales, since the Office for National Statistics provides provisional monthly birth data without distinguishing both countries.

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Historical per cent distribution of the total population by age

[21]

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Country of birth

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Country of birth given by respondents in the corresponding UK censuses were as follows:

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Map showing the percentage of the population born outside England according to the 2011 census.
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Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

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Population pyramid from 2001 to 2020
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Age

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Population pyramid in 2020

The data below is based on the 2011 census.[30] In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00. In 2022, the median age was 40.5.[31]

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Ethnicity

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Ethnic demographics of England from 1981 - 2021
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Ethnic makeup of England in single year age groups in 2021
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Notes for table above

  1. Figure accounts for all of Europe apart from Ireland
  2. Used as main option for when no other options are given, for example in 1971. This group contains all for Canada, Australia and New Zealand
  3. Used as a conglomerate for New Commonwealth for when there are no other options as for example in 1971. This group contains all for remenents of the British Empire after 1945 (if not already indicated).
  4. Estimates taken solely from selected Commonwealth immigrant populations at the time, excluding estimates of those that were white from these areas. Does not include South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Commonwealth East Africa, other parts of Commonwealth Africa, or non-Commonwealth countries in Africa, the Caribbean, or Asia.
  5. Estimates are taken from a combined estimate of the immigrant population (excluding estimates of white people), additional non-white people who may not have been enumerated, and estimates of non-white people born in the UK from parents from shown areas. Does not include South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Commonwealth East Africa, other parts of Commonwealth Africa, or non-Commonwealth countries in Africa, the Caribbean, or Asia.
  6. The number of people who answered the census may not equal the estimated population total at the time due to the fact an estimated 1 million people did not answer the form.
  7. In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

Population distribution

Ethnicity of school pupils

The ethnicity of school pupils in England has been changing since the figures started to be collected in 2002, White British students proportionally have been in decline compared to other groups who have risen.

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Languages

The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.[41]

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Religion

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Religious makeup of England in single year age groups in 2021
Religion in England (2021 census)
  1. Christianity (46.3%)
  2. Not religious (36.7%)
  3. Islam (6.70%)
  4. Not stated (6.00%)
  5. Other religions (2.50%)
  6. Hinduism (1.80%)

Respondents to the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses gave their religions as follows:

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See also

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Notes

    References

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