Eight Principles of Yong

The Eight Principles of Yong are used by calligraphers to practice how to write the eight most common strokes in regular script, using the fact that they are all present in the character 永; yǒng; 'forever', 'permanence'. It was believed that the frequent practice of these principles as such when beginning one's study could ensure beauty in the Chinese calligrapher's writing.

The character 永; yǒng; 'forever', 'permanence': its stroke order animated (left) and colored sequentially from black to red (right)

The strokes numbered: where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes overlap briefly and continue from the previous number to the next.

The strokes together and separated: sequence numbers, and stroke directions (red)

Eight Principles of Yong
Chinese name
Chinese	永字八法
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ Wade–Giles Yung3tzu4 Pa1 Fa3 Hakka Romanization Yúnsṳ̀ Pat Fap Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Wing5zi6 Baat3 Faat3 Southern Min Tâi-lô Íngjī Pat Huat
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Vĩnh tự bát pháp
Chữ Hán	永字八法
Korean name
Hangul	영자팔법
Hanja	永字八法
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Yeongjapalbeop
Japanese name
Kanji	永字八法
Kana	えいじはっぽう
Transcriptions Romanization Eiji happō

The Eight Principles are influenced by the Eastern Jin-era Seven Powers (七勢) by Lady Wei Shuo. Publications on the principles include:

• The Tang-era Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Liu Zongyuan^[1]
• The Tang-era Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Yan Zhenqing^[2]
• The Yuan-era Eight Ways to Explain "Yong" (永字八法解) by Li Puguang,^[3] which provides two-character metaphorical names

Table

Yongzi principles (stroke components) by stroke order

Principle[4]			Pinyin abbr.	Name				Additional description
				Tang-era[1][2]	Li[3]	Modern Chinese	Vietnamese
1		㇔	D	側; 侧; cè; 'side'	怪石; guàishí; 'dot'	點; 点; diǎn; 'dot'	chấm	Tiny dash, speck
2		㇐	H	勒; lè; 'bridle'	玉案; yù'àn; 'jade table'	橫; 横; héng; 'horizontal'	sổ ngang	Rightward
3		㇑	S	弩; nǔ; 'crossbow' 努; nǔ; 'strive'	鐵柱; 铁柱; tiězhù; 'iron pillar'	豎、竪; 竖; shù; 'erect' 鐵杵; 铁杵; tiěchǔ; 'iron staff'[citation needed]	sổ dọc	Downward
4		㇚	G	趯; tì; 'jump'	蟹爪; xièzhuǎ; 'crab's pincer'	鉤、鈎; 钩; gōu; 'hook'	móc	Appended to others, suddenly going down, or left only
5		㇀	T	策; cè; 'horsewhip'	虎牙; hǔyá; 'tiger's tooth'	提; tí; 'raise' 挑; tiāo; 'lift-off'[citation needed]	hất	Flick up and rightwards
6		㇁	W	掠; lüè; 'skim'	犀角; xījiǎo; 'rhinoceros's horn'	彎; 弯; wān; 'curve'	cong	Tapering thinning curve, usually concave left (convex outward right) with fast speed as if skimming
7		㇒	P	啄; zhuó; 'to peck'	鳥啄; 鸟啄; niǎozhuó; 'bird's pecking'	撇; piě; 'throw away' 短撇; duǎnpiě; 'short slant'[citation needed]	phẩy	Falling leftwards with light curve
8		㇏	N	磔; zhé; 'dismember'	金刀; jīndāo; 'golden knife'	捺; nà; 'press firmly' 波; bō; 'wave'[citation needed]	mác	Falling rightwards, fattening at bottom, where endpoint is "sharp as a knife"

CJK strokes

Main article: Stroke (CJK character)

In addition to these eight common strokes in 永, there are at least two dozen strokes of combinations which enter in the composition of CJK strokes and by inclusion the CJK characters themselves. Most strokes are encoded in Unicode as symbols, to be used in ideographic description sequences (IDS). The standard characters names assigned in the UCS for these CJK strokes are based on initials of the modern Chinese names (romanized with Pinyin) of component principles with which they are recognized and drawn.^[4]

Gallery

• 
  The principles, as shown in the Vietnamese book Nhật dụng thường đàm 日用常談 (1851), with their individual strokes
• 
  A section in Ngũ vân lâu tăng đính tứ thể thư pháp 五雲摟增訂四體書法 (1848), explaining the concept of the Eight Principles of Yong
• 
  The Eight Principles of Yong depicted the calligraphy book, Tứ thể bút thức 四體筆式 (1869)

See also

• CJK characters
• CJK strokes