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Endling

Last known individual of a species or subspecies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Endling
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An endling is the last known individual of a species or subspecies. Once the endling dies, the species becomes extinct. The word was coined in correspondence in the scientific journal Nature.

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The last known thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), photographed at Hobart Zoo in 1933.

Usage

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The 4 April 1996 issue of Nature published a correspondence in which commentators suggested that a new word, endling, be adopted to denote the last individual of a species.[1][2] The 23 May issue of Nature published several counter-suggestions, including ender, terminarch, and relict.[1][3]

The word endling appeared on the walls of the National Museum of Australia in Tangled Destinies, a 2001 exhibition by Matt Kirchman and Scott Guerin, about the relationship between Australian peoples and their land. In the exhibition, the definition, as it appeared in Nature, was printed in large letters on the wall above two specimens of the extinct Tasmanian tiger: "Endling (n.) The last surviving individual of a species of animal or plant". A printed description of this exhibition offered a similar definition, omitting reference to plants: "An endling is the name given to an animal that is the last of its species."[4][5]

In The Flight of the Emu: A Hundred Years of Australian Ornithology 1901-2001, author Libby Robin stated that "the very last individual of a species" is "what scientists refer to as an 'endling'".[6]

In 2011, the word was used in the Earth Island Journal, in an essay by Eric Freedman entitled "Extinction Is Forever: A Quest for the Last Known Survivors". Freedman defined endling as "the last known specimen of her species."[7]

In "The Sense of an Endling", author Helen Lewis describes the notion of an endling as poignant, and the word as "wonderfully Tolkien-esque".[8]

Author Eric Freedman describes endling as "a word with finality", stating, "It is deep-to-the-bone chilling to know the exact date a species disappeared from Earth. It is even more ghastly to look upon the place where it happened and know that nobody knew or cared at the time what had transpired and why."[9]

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Notable endlings

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Martha, the last passenger pigeon, died in the Cincinnati Zoo on September 1, 1914.

This is not a comprehensive list of contemporary extinction, but a list of high-profile, widely publicised examples of when the last individual of a species was known.

Birds

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A dusky seaside sparrow (Ammospiza maritima nigrescens), officially declared extinct in 1990.

Mammals

  • In 1627, the last aurochs (Bos primigenius), an ancestor of bovine and cattle, died in a forest near what is now Jaktorów in modern-day Poland.[19]
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    A quagga mare at the London Zoo in 1870. This is the only specimen photographed alive.
  • The quagga (Equus quagga quagga) became extinct in the wild in the late 1870s due to hunting for meat and skins, and the subspecies' endling died in captivity on 12 August 1883 at the Artis in Amsterdam.[20]
  • The final tarpan (Equus ferus ferus) died in captivity in the Russian Empire in 1903.[21]
  • On 7 September 1936, the last known captive thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), also called Tasmanian tiger, died in Hobart Zoo, following persecution of the species through hunting and trapping. Information published about this individual has been conflicted throughout the decades following its death.[22] An individual named Frank Darby invented the myth that it was named "Benjamin", and the claim was rapidly circulated by media and persists until today, even being repeated by Wikipedia itself.[23] Other areas of contention include where it was captured and by whom, by whom it was captured, whether it was neglected in its zoo enclosure and even whether it was the last known surviving thylacine.[22] Researchers Robert Paddle and Kathryn Medlock argue that the endling was female and died of neglect, while Gareth Linnard affirms that it was male (despite not being named Benjamin) and died of old age, citing its valued status in the zoo's collection.[22] Regardless, the thylacine at Hobart Zoo is the last reputably-verified specimen of not only its species and genus, but also the entire family Thylacinidae. However, some individuals, such Barry Brooks and his colleagues, argue the thylacine probably persisted in the wild for several decades following the captive individual's death in 1936.[24]
  • The last known Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also called oso plateado (silver bear) in Spanish, was shot in 1976 in Sonora, Mexico.[25]
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Taxidermised body of Celia, the final Pyrenean ibex

Reptiles and amphibians

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Lonesome George, the last Pinta Island tortoise

Invertebrates

  • Turgi was the last Partula clarkei, a Polynesian tree snail, who died on 31 January 1996 in the London Zoo.[31]
  • A tank in the Bristol Zoo was the last refuge of Partula faba, a land snail from Ra'iātea in French Polynesia. The population dropped from 38 in 2012[32] to one in 2015.[33] The last individual died on 21 February 2016.[33]
  • George was the last known individual of the Oahu tree snail species Achatinella apexfulva. He died on January 1, 2019, in captivity near Kailua, Hawaii.[34]

Plants

  • The Curepipe Botanic Gardens in Mauritius have housed the last specimen of the palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis since the 1950s.[35]
  • Only one living specimen of the tree species Madhuca diplostemon is known to exist.[36]
  • Some seeds were found in an archaeological excavation in the Judean desert in 1986–87. In 2009, a specimen of an unknown species of Commiphora was successfully sprouted from one of these ancient seeds (dated 993 CE  1202 calCE[clarification needed]). The tree was named Sheba. In 2024, it was tentatively identified as tsori or Judean balsam, on the basis of taxonomy and resin properties matching ancient descriptions. Similar to Fernanda, Sheba is the only known individual of its species despite recent discovery or rediscovery.[37]
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See also

References

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