Epistle to Titus

The Epistle to Titus^[a] is one of the three pastoral epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) in the New Testament, ^[4] It is addressed to Saint Titus^[4] and describes the requirements and duties of presbyters/bishops. It is widely considered pseudepigraphical, likely written by a later member of the Pauline school in the late first or early second century rather than by Paul himself.^[5][6][7]

Titus 1:11–15 on Papyrus 32 (recto; c. AD 200)^[1]

Text

The epistle is divided into three chapters, 46 verses in total.^[8]

Recipient

Not mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, Saint Titus was noted in Galatians (cf. Galatians 2:1, 3)^[9] where Paul wrote of journeying to Jerusalem with Barnabas, accompanied by Titus. He was then dispatched to Corinth, Greece, where he successfully reconciled the Christian community there with Paul, its founder. Titus was later left on the island of Crete to help organize the Church there, and later met back with the Apostle Paul in Nicopolis. He soon went to Dalmatia (now Croatia). According to Eusebius of Caesarea in the Ecclesiastical History, he served as the first bishop of Crete.^[10]

Authenticity

Further information: First Epistle to Timothy § Authorship

The Epistle to Titus is generally considered “Trito-Pauline”, likely composed by members of the Pauline school a generation after Paul’s death.^[11]

According to Clare Drury, the claim that Paul himself wrote this letter and those to Timothy "seems at first sight obvious and incontrovertible. All three begin with a greeting from the apostle and contain personal notes and asides", but in reality "things are not so straightforward: signs of the late date of the letters proliferate".^[12]

Titus, along with the two other pastoral epistles (1 Timothy and 2 Timothy), is regarded by most scholars as pseudepigraphical.^[7] On the basis of the language and content of the pastoral epistles, they reject that they were written by Paul and believe that they were written by an anonymous forger after his death. Critics claim the vocabulary and style of the Pauline letters could not have been written by Paul according to available biographical information and reflect the views of the emerging church rather than the apostle's. These scholars date the epistle from the 80s CE up to the end of the 2nd century, though most would place it sometime between 80 and 100 CE.^[13] The Church of England's Common Worship Lectionary Scripture Commentary concurs with this view: "the proportioning of the theological and practical themes is one factor that leads us to think of these writings as coming from the post-Pauline church world of the late first or early second century".^[6]

Titus has a very close affinity with 1 Timothy, sharing similar phrases and expressions and similar subject matter.^[14] This has led many scholars to believe that it was written by the same author who wrote 1 and 2 Timothy: their author is sometimes referred to as "the Pastor".^[15]

The Gnostic writer Basilides rejected the epistle.^[16]

The first page of the epistle in Minuscule 699 gives its title as 'προς τιτον, 'To Titus.'

Epimenides paradox

One of the secular peculiarities of the Epistle to Titus is the reference to the Epimenides paradox: "One of the Cretans, a prophet of their own, said, 'Cretans are always liars'."^[17]

See also

• Authorship of the Pauline epistles
• Faithful saying
• Textual variants in the Epistle to Titus

Notes

1. The book is sometimes called the Letter of Paul to Titus, or simply Titus^[2] (which is also its most common form of abbreviation).^[3]