Forging temperature

Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by forging.^[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. For most metals, forging temperature is approximately 70% of the absolute temperature (usually measured in kelvins) of its melting point.^{[citation needed]}

Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.^[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.^[3]

Material	Forging Temperature		Melting point[a]
	Celsius	Fahrenheit	°C
Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content	1230[2]	2246	~1425-1540
Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic)	1150	2102	~1400-1530
Stainless steel (Magnetic)	1095	2003	~1400-1530
Nickel	1095	2003	1453
Titanium	955	1751	1660
Copper	900	1652	1083
Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc)	815	1499	~900-940
Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin)	900 to 419.53	1652 to 787.154	~950
Aluminium	300 - 480[4]	600 - 900	660
Zinc	419.53	787.154	420
Lead	25	77	327
Iron[5]	1371	2500	1535
Tin	231.93	449.474	232

See also

• Plasticity
• Tammann and Hüttig temperatures – Chemical properties of materials

Notes

1. The temperatures of alloys vary depending on the ration of metals mixture