Heimosodat

The Finnish term Heimosodat (singular heimosota)^[a][1] refers to a series of armed conflicts and private military expeditions in 1918–1922 into areas of the former Russian Empire that bordered on Finland and were inhabited in large part by other Finnic peoples.

Heimosodat (1918–1922)
Part of the Russian Civil War
Finnish and East Karelian soldiers fighting side by side against Russians during the East Karelian uprising
Date 21 March 1918 – 21 March 1922 (4 years) Location Estonia Karelia Ingria Petsamo East Karelia Result Treaty of Tartu Territorial changes Finnish victory in Estonia and annexation of Petsamo Soviet victory in White Karelia, Aunus, Petrograd and East Karelia
Belligerents
Finnish White Guard Estonia Uhtua Forest Guerrillas North Ingria United Kingdom (Estonian War of Independence)	Russian SFSR Finnish Red Guards Commune of Estonia United Kingdom (Viena expedition and Petsamo expeditions)
Commanders and leaders
Kurt Martti Wallenius Johan Laidoner Ukki Väinämöinen Georg Elfvengren	Jukums Vācietis Leon Trotsky
Strength
Finland: ~10,000	Red Army: 113,000[citation needed] Red Guard: 1,500[citation needed]

The map shows Finland within the borders of the Grand Duchy. The areas in light red represent the territorial gains hoped for as part of a Greater Finland. A Three Isthmuses border would have drastically shortened the length of the border with Russia.

The term has been translated into English as "Kindred Nations Wars", "Wars for kindred peoples", "Kinfolk wars",^[2] or "Kinship Wars," specifically referring to Finnic kinship. Finnish volunteers took part in these conflicts, either to assert Finnish control over areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from Soviet Russia. Many of the volunteers were inspired by the idea of "Greater Finland". Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland, and some were local uprisings in which volunteers wanted either to help people fight for independence or to annex areas to Finland. According to Aapo Roselius, about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.^[3]

• Viena expedition (1918)
  • Murmansk Legion
• Petsamo expeditions (1918 and 1920)
• Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)
  • Pohjan Pojat (lit. 'Sons of the North') and 1st Finnish Volunteer Corps (I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko) [fi] helped Estonian troops.
• Revolt of the Ingrian Finns (1918–1920)
• Aunus expedition (1919)
• Advance on Petrograd (1919)
• East Karelian Uprising (1921–1922)

The phenomenon is closely linked to nationalism and irredentism, as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The Finnish Civil War had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. Karelianism and Finnicization of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period of World War II — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm.

Viena expedition

Main article: Viena expedition

Petsamo expeditions

Main article: Petsamo expeditions

Finnish involvement in the Estonian-Soviet War

Main article: Pohjan Pojat

Revolt of the Ingrian Finns

Main article: Revolt of the Ingrian Finns

Aunus expedition

Main article: Aunus expedition

Advance on Petrograd

Main article: Battle of Petrograd

East Karelian Uprising

Main article: East Karelian Uprising

Glossary

Volunteer tribal soldiers from the Viena-Karelian military campaign

Sota

"War", in this context, a low-intensity one, consisting of actions such as border skirmishes, expeditions by volunteer corps, expulsion of remnant occupational forces or attempts to foment rebellion in the local populace.

Heimo

"Tribe" or "clan", but in this context, also the ethnic and language kinship between Baltic Finns; "kindred peoples". Somewhat comparable to the German concept of Völkisch.

Sukukansa

People who are linguistically and/or ethnically akin to one another; "suku" means "family" and "kansa" means "people" (singular).

See also

• Finnish Civil War
• List of Finnish wars
• Treaty of Tartu
• Winter War
• Continuation War
• War Victims of Finland 1914–1922
• Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

Notes

1. Estonian: hõimusõjad, Swedish: frändefolkskrigen, German: Kriege verwandter Völker