Hesionidae

Hesionidae are a family of phyllodocid bristle worms (class Polychaeta). They are (like almost all polychaetes) marine organisms. Most are found on the continental shelf; Hesiocaeca methanicola is found on methane ice, where it feeds on bacterial biofilms.^[1]

Hesionidae
Oxydromus pugettensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Clade:	Pleistoannelida
Subclass:	Errantia
Order:	Phyllodocida
Suborder:	Nereidiformia
Family:	Hesionidae Grube, 1850
Subfamilies
Hesioninae Microphthalminae Ophiodrominae and see text

Sirsoe methanicola

A characteristic apomorphy of the Hesionidae are the cirrophores of the anterior segments, which are well-developed cup-like sheaths; the cirri of the subsequent segments insert into the parapodia directly, or with just a vestigial cirrophore.^[2]

Systematics

As phyllodocids, the Hesionidae belong to the order Aciculata, one of the three main clades of polychaetes. They appear to be part of the basal radiation of the main lineage of phyllodocids, alongside such families as the ragworms (Nereididae), the Pilargidae and Sphaerodoridae which are closely related to each other, the very ancient Syllidae, and perhaps the more advanced catworms (Nephtyidae). ^[3]

Numerous genera are still treated as Hesionidae incertae sedis, not reliably assignable to either of the three generally recognized hesionid subfamilies:^[4]

• Alikuhnia (including Anophthalmus Alikunhi, 1949 (non Schmidt, 1844: preoccupied))
• Anoplonereis Giard, 1882
• Cirrosyllis Schmarda, 1861
• Elisesione Salazar-Vallejo, 2016^[5]
• Friedericiella
• Hesiodeira Blake & Hilbig, 1990
• Hesiolyra Blake, 1985 (sometimes separated in monotypic subfamily Hesiolyrinae)
• Hesionella Hartman, 1939
• Heteropodarke Pleijel, 1999
• Leocratides Ehlers, 1908
• Mahesia Westheide, 2000
• Neopodarke Hartman, 1965
• Orseis Ehlers, 1864
• Oxydromus Grube, 1855
• Parahesione Pettibone, 1956
• Parapodarke Czerniavsky, 1882
• Periboea Ehlers, 1864
• Podarke Ehlers, 1864
• Pseudosyllidia Czerniavsky, 1882
• Sinohesione Westheide, Purschke & Mangerich, 1994
• Sirsoe Pleijel, 1998
• Struwela Hartmann-Schröder, 1959

^[6]