Hurshid Pasha

Hurshid Ahmed Pasha^[a] (died 30 November 1822) was an Ottoman general and Grand Vizier during the early 19th century. Of Georgian descent, he was kidnapped and taken to Constantinople as a youth, where he was enrolled in the Janissaries and eventually appointed to several high positions. He successfully suppressed an uprising in Serbia in October 1813 and held the position of Grand Vizier between 1813 and 1815. In late 1820, he was charged with the suppression of Ali Pasha of Yanina's revolt. Soon after this, a Greek uprising began in the Morea. Hurshid Pasha defeated Ali Pasha and had him killed in early 1822, but his subordinates failed to put down the Greek uprising. He committed suicide after receiving a message from the Sultan in November 1822, for reasons that remain unclear.

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Hurshid Ahmed Pasha
Friedel, 1832
Died	(1822-11-30)30 November 1822 Larissa, Ottoman Empire
Allegiance	Ottoman Empire
Rank	beylerbey, serasker, vali, Grand Vizier
Conflicts	First Serbian Uprising (1809–13) Second Serbian Uprising (1815) Ali Pasha's Revolt (1820–21) Greek Revolution (1821–22)

In 1808, Hurshid Pasha served as the governor of Rumelia.^[4]

Serbian Revolution

In March 1809, he was sent to the Sanjak of Smederevo to suppress the First Serbian Uprising led by Karađorđe Petrović. He defeated Karađorđe at Banja, destroyed Serbian rebel units at Čegar, captured Deligrad, lost at Jasika in 1809, lost at Varvarin in 1810, and successfully suppressed the uprising in 1813 through taking Negotin and Belgrade.^[5] On 5 September 1812 he was named Grand Vizier (Prime Minister), a post he held until 1 April 1815. He remained on campaign in Serbia as commander-in-chief (serasker) and Vali of Bosnia, and brought the uprising to an end after recapturing Belgrade in October 1813.

After the suppression of the First Serbian Uprising, Grand Vizier Hurshid Pasha sent his commander Serčesma to the still rebellious parts of Serbia with a large army to return the Serbs under Ottoman suzerainty and ensure them of their rights.^[6] The vojvoda Miloš Obrenović surrendered at the Takovo church and other commanders followed suit.^[7] Serčesma appointed mayors (mutesellim) and took Miloš with him to Belgrade before Hurshid Pasha, who recognized him as governor of the Rudnik nahiya.^[8] Shortly after this, Hurshid left the Belgrade Pashalik and appointed his kethüda Darendeli Ali Pasha as Vizier.^[8] Darendeli promoted Miloš to governor of the Kragujevac and Požega nahiyas, as well.^[8] Darendeli was soon replaced with Sulejman Pasha Skopljak, who didn't follow Hurshid's and Darendeli's acceptable holding towards Serbs, but instead upheld an administration in the likes of the Dahije, which together with the army bringing in plague and instances of murder resulted in Hadži Prodan's rebellion.^[9]

Suppression of Ali Pasha's revolt and Greek Revolution

In November 1820, he was named governor of the Morea Eyalet (the Peloponnese), with a seat at Tripoli and serasker of the expedition against the rebellious Ali Pasha of Yanina. Before he left for Yanina, however, he was disturbed by rumours of a possible revolt among the Greeks of the Morea. His fears were allayed, however, when an assembly of Greek notables visited him on 8 November 1820 in Tripoli. Thus, on 6 January 1821, he left Tripoli for the north, leaving behind his treasury and his harem, while his deputy (kaimakam) Mehmed Salih with a force of 1,000 Albanians remained to maintain order. However, only a few months later, while the Ottoman armies were besieging Yanina, the first uprisings of the Greek War of Independence took place. Hurshid Pasha decisively defeated Ali Pasha of Yanina at Ioannina.

Hurshid immediately informed the Sultan of the events, and without waiting for instructions, reacted by sending Omer Vryonis and Köse Mehmed Pasha to suppress the revolt first in Central Greece and then to cross over to the Peloponnese and quell the uprising in its heartland. At the same time, he dispatched his chief of staff Mustafa Bey with 3,000 men to reinforce the garrison of Tripoli. Hurshid himself remained in Yanina to supervise the last stages of the siege. Despite his rapid reaction, his plans ultimately failed: Vryonis and Köse Mehmed failed to suppress the revolt in Central Greece, while the reinforcements of Mustafa Bey were insufficient to save Tripoli, which fell to the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis after a prolonged siege, on 23 September 1821. Despite the general massacre of the Muslim inhabitants, Hurshid's harem and a part of his treasure were saved. Finally, in January 1822, he killed Ali Pasha through treason, and sent his severed head to the Sultan, and his star seemed on the rise again. He assembled an army of 80,000 men^{[citation needed]} (a huge number by Balkan standards) and was about to march in order to finally crush the Greek uprising, when disaster struck. His political enemies in Constantinople, alarmed at the fame and power he had achieved and the prestige that the successful ending of both Ali Pasha's and the Greek revolts would bring him, accused him of misappropriating a large part of Ali's treasure. Hurshid had sent 40,000,000 piasters, with a statement that they had been found in Ali's vaults, while the Sultan's ministers calculated Ali's fortune at over 500,000,000 piasters. When they asked him to send a detailed account, the offended Hurshid did not reply.^{[citation needed]} Shortly after that, he was denounced for abuse of public treasure and fell in disgrace. He was removed from his positions, and replaced as serasker and governor of Morea by Mahmud Dramali Pasha. Hurshid was ordered to remain in Larissa to attend to the provisioning of Dramali's army.

When news began arriving in Constantinople of the failure of Dramali's expedition at Dervenakia, the Sultan ordered Hurshid to take matters in his own hand and salvage what he could of the situation. However, his opponents continued to plot against him, and agents were sent to kill him. Although he was informed of the threat to his person, Hurshid did not react. Instead, he ordered the post-haste construction of a tomb, and arranged for a very elaborate funeral with all authorities present, without telling anyone who these arrangements were made for. Then he called all authorities, attended his own funeral, and upon completion of the ceremony he committed suicide by taking poison in front of everyone, on 30 November 1822. Despite the public nature of his death, the Sultan's emissaries still had to exhume him and take his head to the Sultan, as these were their orders.^{[citation needed]}

Early life

Egypt (1801–1805)

Rumelia

Serbian Revolution

Suppression of Ali Pasha's revolt and Greek Revolution

Offices

See also

Annotations

References

Sources

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