Demographics of Belgium

Demographic features of the population of Belgium include ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. All figures are from the National Institute for Statistics unless otherwise indicated.^[3]

Demographics of the Kingdom of Belgium
Population pyramid of Belgium in 2022
Population	11,763,650 (January 2024) 82nd
Growth rate	0.54% (2021 est.)
Birth rate	9.4 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate	9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2021)
Life expectancy	82.28 years (2023 est.)[1]
• male	80.18 years (2023)[1]
• female	84.30 years (2023)[1]
Fertility rate	1.47 children born/woman (2023)[2]
Infant mortality rate	3.24 (2021 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	16.1% (male 857,373/female 822,303)
15–64 years	66.3% (male 3,480,072/female 3,419,721)
65 and over	17.6% (male 760,390/female 1,074,477) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth	1.04 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Under 15	1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1.02 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.72 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Belgian(s) adjective: Belgian
Major ethnic	43.6% Flemish, 28.0% Walloon, 71.6% Belgians
Minor ethnic	Italians (4.2%), Moroccans (3.7%), French people (3.2%), Turkish people (2.0%), Dutch people (1.9%), Arabs (1.9%), Romanians (1.7%), Poles (1.5%), Spaniards (1.3%), Germans (1.2%), Congolese (1.2%), Portuguese people (1.1%), Syrians (1%), Afghans (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.8%)
Language
Spoken	Dutch, French, German

Population density in Belgium by arrondissement

Population

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1000	400,000	—
1100	600,000	+0.41%
1200	900,000	+0.41%
1300	1,250,000	+0.33%
1400	800,000	−0.45%
1500	1,250,000	+0.45%
1600	1,500,000	+0.18%
1700	1,750,000	+0.15%
1800	3,500,000	+0.70%
1846	4,337,196	+0.47%
1856	4,529,460	+0.43%
1866	4,827,833	+0.64%
1876	5,336,185	+1.01%
1880	5,520,009	+0.85%
1890	6,069,321	+0.95%
1900	6,693,548	+0.98%
1910	7,423,784	+1.04%
1920	7,465,782	+0.06%
1930	8,092,004	+0.81%
1947	8,512,195	+0.30%
1961	9,189,741	+0.55%
1970	9,650,944	+0.55%
1981	9,848,647	+0.18%
1991	9,978,681	+0.13%
2001	10,296,350	+0.31%
2011	11,000,638	+0.66%
2021	11,521,238	+0.46%
Source: Our World in Data[4] Statistics Belgium, 2018[5]

As of January 1, 2024, Belgium had a population of 11,763,650 and is the 81st most populous country in the world. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on January 1, 2024 was 6,821,770 (58.0% of Belgium), 3,692,283 (31.4% of Belgium) and 1,249,597 (10.6% of Belgium), respectively. The population density of Belgium is 383/km² (990/sq mi) as of January 1, 2024, making it the 38th most densely populated country in the world, and the 7th most densely populated country in Europe. The most densely populated province is Antwerp, the least densely populated province is Luxembourg.^[6]

As of January 1, 2020, Belgium had a population of 11,492,641, as compared to 2010 (10,839,905 people) an increase of about 653,000. 2010 compared to 2000 (10,239,085 people), an increase of about 601,000 people. 2000 compared to 1990 (9,947,782 people), an increase of about 291,000 people.

The following demographic statistics are from the World Population Review in 2019.^[7]

Historic population development of Belgium

• One birth every 4 minutes
• One death every 5 minutes
• One net migrant every 12 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 9 minutes

^[8]

Fertility

The total fertility rate (TFR) gradually increased during the last decade from 1.60 in 1997, 1.65 in 2002 and 1.82 in 2007. The rates in Brussels are higher than the national average (1.79 in 1997, 1.93 in 2002 and 2.09 in 2007), while they are below the average in Flanders (1.54 in 1997, 1.56 in 2002 and 1.77 in 2007), due to the higher percentage of non-European immigrants with higher birth rates in Brussels.^[9]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.^[10]

Years	1830	1831	1832	1833	1834	1835	1836	1837	1838	1839	1840[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.72	4.77	4.82	4.87	4.92	4.97	4.97	4.98	4.98	4.99	5

Years	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849	1850[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.94	4.88	4.82	4.76	4.7	4.64	4.58	4.51	4.45	4.38

Years	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.32	4.25	4.18	4.25	4.31	4.38	4.44	4.51	4.53	4.56

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.58	4.61	4.63	4.66	4.68	4.71	4.73	4.76	4.78	4.8

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.83	4.85	4.87	4.85	4.83	4.82	4.8	4.78	4.75	4.71

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.68	4.64	4.61	4.55	4.49	4.42	4.36	4.3	4.27	4.25

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899[10]
Total Fertility Rate in Belgium	4.22	4.2	4.17	4.13	4.09	4.06	4.02	3.98	3.91

Total fertility rate; 1.71 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 160st

Birth rate; 11.03 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 175st

Mother's mean age at first birth; 29 years (2018 est.)

Life expectancy

According to estimation of the Statistics Belgium (Statbel), life expectancy at birth in Belgium in 2023 was 82.28 years (80.18 years for male and 84.30 years for female).^[11][12]

According to alternative estimation of the World Bank Group, in 2023 life expectancy in Belgium was 82.4 years (80.3 for male, 84.6 for female).^[13]

Estimation of the United Nations for 2023: 82.11 years total (79.86 for male, 84.33 for female).^[14]

Estimation of Eurostat for 2023: 82.5 years total (80.4 for male, 84.5 for female).^[15][16]

According to estimation of the WHO for 2019, at that year life expectancy in Belgium was 81.4 years (79.3 years for male and 83.5 years for female). And healthy life expectancy was 70.6 years (69.8 years for male and 71.3 years for female).^[17]

In 2021-2023 period, the difference in life expectancy between the most prosperous and disadvantaged provinces was 4.09 years. In 2020-2022, this difference was 4.23 years.^[11][12]

Statistics by province

Belgium is administratively divided into 3 regions: Flemish Region, Walloon Region and a separate Brussels Capital Region. In turn, Flemish and Walloon regions are divided into five provinces each. The table below contains average values for 3-year periods. The values are rounded, all calculations were done on raw data. The sorting of provinces by total life expectancy for both periods is the same.
Data source: Statistics Belgium^[11][12]

Administrative division of Belgium

province or region	2020-2022				change	2021-2023
	overall	male	female	F Δ M		overall	male	female	F Δ M
Belgium on average	81.38	79.10	83.62	4.52	0.50	81.87	79.66	84.04	4.38
Flemish Brabant	82.93	80.81	84.99	4.18	0.44	83.37	81.29	85.37	4.08
Walloon Brabant	82.48	80.28	84.52	4.25	0.44	82.92	80.74	84.93	4.19
Limburg	82.46	80.53	84.41	3.88	0.37	82.83	80.92	84.74	3.83
Antwerp	82.34	80.44	84.23	3.79	0.46	82.80	80.95	84.60	3.65
West Flanders	82.29	80.04	84.57	4.53	0.40	82.69	80.48	84.91	4.44
East Flanders	82.19	79.99	84.36	4.37	0.31	82.50	80.34	84.62	4.28
Brussels	80.82	78.19	83.27	5.08	0.86	81.68	79.13	84.01	4.88
Belgian Luxembourg	80.07	77.56	82.67	5.11	0.25	80.32	77.78	82.91	5.14
Namur	79.78	77.17	82.39	5.22	0.52	80.30	77.87	82.66	4.79
Liège	79.49	77.13	81.83	4.71	0.75	80.24	77.99	82.42	4.44
Hainaut	78.70	75.87	81.48	5.61	0.58	79.28	76.48	82.00	5.52
Flanders on average	82.43	80.35	84.50	4.15	0.39	82.82	80.78	84.83	4.05
Wallonia on average	79.61	77.04	82.14	5.11	0.57	80.18	77.68	82.61	4.93

Life expectancy in Belgian provinces in 2020-2022 and in 2021-2023, according to Statistics Belgium^[11][12] (legends on the maps are identical)

Statistics by region

Region	2023				Historical data									Recovery from COVID-19: 2019→2023
	All	Male	Female	Sex gap	2019	2019 →2020	2020	2020 →2021	2021	2021 →2022	2022	2022 →2023	2023
Flanders	83.17	81.26	85.03	3.77	82.70	−0.70	82.00	0.68	82.68	−0.06	82.62	0.55	83.17	0.47
Belgium	82.28	80.18	84.30	4.12	81.83	−1.04	80.79	0.86	81.65	0.04	81.69	0.59	82.28	0.45
Brussels	82.18	79.73	84.41	4.68	81.59	−1.98	79.61	1.67	81.28	0.31	81.58	0.59	82.18	0.59
Wallonia	80.64	78.25	82.94	4.69	80.28	−1.33	78.94	0.93	79.87	0.14	80.02	0.63	80.64	0.37

Data source: Statistics Belgium^[11][12]

Historical data

Life expectancy in Belgium since 1841

Life expectancy in Belgium since 1960 by gender

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1841–1950

Years	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849	1850[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	40.3	38.6	40.4	41.9	41.0	37.8	35.1	38.0	35.0	42.3

Years	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	41.9	41.8	41.3	39.7	37.4	40.9	40.4	40.1	38.9	45.1

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	41.2	43.1	41.3	39.8	37.7	32.4	43.0	42.5	42.6	40.9

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	34.3	40.0	43.5	44.7	42.1	43.7	44.5	44.2	43.8	42.4

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	44.4	45.5	44.9	44.2	45.4	43.3	46.0	44.9	45.0	44.1

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	44.0	43.1	44.4	46.6	45.4	48.0	48.8	48.1	46.5	46.5

Years	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	49.4	49.1	49.2	49.3	49.9	49.6	51.0	49.6	50.6	51.3

Years	1911	1912	1913	1919	1920[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	49.2	52.3	52.4	49.8	53.6

Years	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	54.7	55.1	56.7	57.4	57.1	56.9	57.1	57.4	55.0	57.1

Years	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	58.4	58.5	58.7	60.3	59.9	59.9	60.0	60.1	60.0	55.9

Years	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950[18]
Life expectancy in Belgium	58.9	59.1	60.3	56.9	58.4	61.9	63.4	64.9	65.4	66.3

1950–2015

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	67.8	1985–1990	75.3
1955–1960	69.5	1990–1995	76.4
1960–1965	70.3	1995–2000	77.4
1965–1970	70.7	2000–2005	78.4
1970–1975	71.5	2005–2010	79.6
1975–1980	72.7	2010–2015	80.5
1980–1985	73.9	2015–2020	81.44

Age structure

Population pyramid of Belgium from 1950 to 2020

0–14 years: 17.22% (male 1,033,383/female 984,624)

15–24 years: 11.2% (male 670,724/female 642,145)

25–54 years: 39.23% (male 2,319,777/female 2,278,450)

55–64 years: 13.14% (male 764,902/female 775,454)

65 years and over: 19.21% (male 988,148/female 1,263,109)

Median age in 2020 (estimation); total: 41.6 years.

male: 40.4 years

female: 42.8 years

Density

Urbanization; urban population: 98.1% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.62% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Vital statistics

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate since 1950, United Nations estimates

Note: Territorial changes in East-Belgium occurred in 1925, 1940 and 1944.

	Average population (January 1)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Crude migration change (per 1,000)	Total fertility rates[fn 1][10][19]
1900	6,719,000	193,230	126,633	66,597	28.8	18.8	9.9	−5.7	3.84
1901	6,747,000	199,068	113,136	85,932	29.5	16.8	12.7	2.3	3.79
1902	6,848,000	195,076	116,075	79,001	28.5	17.0	11.5	2.1	3.73
1903	6,941,000	191,563	115,884	75,679	27.6	16.7	10.9	1.9	3.68
1904	7,030,000	191,067	117,097	73,970	27.2	16.7	10.5	2.0	3.63
1905	7,118,000	186,665	115,486	71,179	26.2	16.2	10.0	1.5	3.57
1906	7,200,000	185,508	115,514	69,994	25.8	16.0	9.7	1.1	3.52
1907	7,278,000	184,371	112,656	71,715	25.3	15.5	9.9	0.3	3.47
1908	7,352,000	183,046	118,997	64,049	24.9	16.2	8.7	0.4	3.42
1909	7,419,000	175,714	115,027	60,687	23.7	15.5	8.2	−5.6	3.95
1910	7,438,000	175,768	110,403	65,365	23.6	14.8	8.8	−6.2	3.31
1911	7,457,000	171,029	119,896	51,133	22.9	16.1	6.9	3.0	3.26
1912	7,531,000	170,465	109,405	61,060	22.6	14.5	8.1	1.7	3.2
1913	7,605,000	170,102	108,296	61,806	22.4	14.2	8.1	-0.6	3.15
1914	7,662,000	156,389	108,720	47,669	20.4	14.2	6.2	−1.6	3.22
1915	7,697,000	124,291	100,674	23,617	16.1	13.1	3.1	−2.6	3.04
1916	7,701,000	99,360	101,044	−1,684	12.9	13.1	−0.2	−4.2	2.99
1917	7,667,000	86,675	124,824	−38,149	11.3	16.3	−5.0	−3.9	2.94
1918	7,599,000	85,056	157,340	−72,284	11.2	20.7	−9.5	5.2	2.89
1919	7,566,000	128,236	112,986	15,250	16.9	14.9	2.0	−11.9	2.87
1920	7,491,000	164,257	102,706	61,551	21.9	13.7	8.2	−14.5	2.78
1921	7,444,000	162,401	100,468	61,933	21.8	13.5	8.3	0.7	2.73
1922	7,511,000	152,779	104,155	48,624	20.3	13.9	6.5	1.8	2.67
1923	7,573,000	156,005	99,113	56,892	20.6	13.1	7.5	2.1	2.62
1924	7,646,000	153,387	98,332	55,055	20.1	12.9	7.2	6.1	2.57
1925	7,748,000	153,190	99,569	53,621	19.8	12.9	6.9	5.4	2.51
1926	7,843,000	148,840	101,018	47,822	19.0	12.9	6.1	1.6	2.46
1927	7,903,000	144,211	103,007	41,204	18.2	13.0	5.2	3.0	2.41
1928	7,968,000	145,953	102,270	43,683	18.3	12.8	5.5	2.5	2.36
1929	8,032,000	145,542	115,901	29,641	18.1	14.4	3.7	1.8	2.3
1930	8,076,000	150,271	103,397	46,874	18.6	12.8	5.8	0.4	2.25
1931	8,126,000	147,489	103,773	43,716	18.2	12.8	5.4	2.0	2.22
1932	8,186,000	143,824	104,221	39,603	17.6	12.7	4.8	0.7	2.19
1933	8,231,000	134,754	104,640	30,114	16.4	12.7	3.7	0.1	2.08
1934	8,262,000	131,736	96,851	34,885	15.9	11.7	4.2	−1.1	2.04
1935	8,288,000	126,304	102,132	24,172	15.2	12.3	2.9	0.4	1.94
1936	8,315,000	125,511	101,595	23,916	15.1	12.2	2.9	0.8	1.95
1937	8,346,000	125,495	104,163	21,332	15.0	12.5	2.6	0.8	1.99
1938	8,374,000	130,133	104,684	25,449	15.5	12.5	3.0	−1.0	2.11
1939	8,391,000	126,257	110,393	15,864	15.0	13.2	1.9	−12.6	2.1
1940	8,301,000	110,323	125,083	−14,760	13.3	15.1	−1.8	−1.2	1.84
1941	8,276,000	98,417	118,670	−20,253	11.9	14.3	−2.4	−1.2	1.66
1942	8,246,000	105,749	117,291	−11,542	12.8	14.2	−1.4	0.8	1.81
1943	8,241,000	120,665	107,767	12,898	14.6	13.1	1.6	4.5	2.06
1944	8,291,000	124,075	124,861	−786	15.0	15.1	−0.1	5.9	2.12
1945	8,339,000	127,245	121,155	6,090	15.3	14.5	0.7	2.7	2.17
1946	8,367,000	146,731	110,413	36,318	17.5	13.2	4.3	5.6	2.53
1947	8,450,000	144,979	108,136	36,843	17.2	12.8	4.4	8.3	2.47
1948	8,557,000	148,210	103,576	44,634	17.3	12.1	5.2	1.5	2.45
1949	8,614,000	144,670	106,704	37,966	16.8	12.4	4.4	−1.5	2.39
1950	8,639,000	142,970	104,039	38,931	16.5	12.0	4.5	0	2.33
1951	8,678,000	142,524	107,688	34,836	16.4	12.4	4.0	2.0	2.34
1952	8,730,000	146,142	103,624	42,518	16.7	11.9	4.9	0.6	2.35
1953	8,778,000	146,522	106,024	40,498	16.7	12.1	4.6	0.1	2.37
1954	8,819,000	148,128	104,795	43,333	16.8	11.9	4.9	0.7	2.4
1955	8,868,000	148,798	108,316	40,482	16.8	12.2	4.6	1.7	2.42
1956	8,924,000	150,181	108,016	42,165	16.8	12.1	4.7	2.6	2.6
1957	8,989,000	152,388	107,236	45,152	17.0	11.9	5.0	2.1	2.49
1958	9,053,000	155,694	105,746	49,948	17.2	11.7	5.5	0.1	2.53
1959	9,104,000	160,662	103,513	57,149	17.6	11.4	6.3	−0.9	2.57
1960	9,153,000	155,520	113,106	42,414	17.0	12.4	4.6	−1.2	2.6
1961	9,184,000	158,262	106,259	52,003	17.2	11.6	5.7	1.6	2.64
1962	9,251,000	154,338	111,545	42,793	16.7	12.1	4.6	3.7	2.59
1963	9,328,000	158,196	115,618	42,578	17.0	12.4	4.6	6.1	2.68
1964	9,428,000	160,371	109,342	51,029	17.0	11.6	5.4	2.1	2.71
1965	9,499,000	154,856	114,507	40,349	16.3	12.1	4.2	−1.1	2.62
1966	9,528,000	150,636	114,557	36,079	15.8	12.0	3.8	1.8	2.52
1967	9,581,000	145,899	114,509	31,390	15.2	12.0	3.3	0.7	2.41
1968	9,619,000	141,242	121,275	19,967	14.7	12.6	2.1	2.2	2.31
1969	9,660,000	140,834	119,375	21,459	14.6	12.4	2.2	−2.6	2.27
1970	9,656,000	141,119	119,623	21,496	14.6	12.4	2.2	1.8	2.25
1971	9,695,000	139,104	118,853	20,251	14.3	12.3	2.1	−0.4	2.21
1972	9,711,000	134,437	116,743	17,694	13.8	12.0	1.8	1.4	2.09
1973	9,742,000	129,425	118,313	11,112	13.3	12.1	1.1	2.0	1.95
1974	9,772,000	123,155	116,039	7,116	12.6	11.9	0.7	2.3	1.83
1975	9,801,000	119,273	119,273	0	12.2	12.2	0.0	1.7	1.74
1976	9,818,000	120,472	118,765	1,707	12.3	12.1	0.2	1.0	1.72
1977	9,830,000	121,523	112,208	9,315	12.4	11.4	0.9	0.1	1.71
1978	9,840,000	121,983	115,060	6,923	12.4	11.7	0.7	0.1	1.69
1979	9,848,000	123,658	112,156	11,502	12.6	11.4	1.2	−1.1	1.69
1980	9,849,000	124,794	114,364	10,430	12.7	11.6	1.1	−0.1	1.69
1981	9,859,000	124,827	113,308	11,519	12.7	11.5	1.2	−1.5	1.67
1982	9,856,000	120,382	112,506	7,876	12.2	11.4	0.8	−0.8	1.61
1983	9,856,000	117,395	114,814	2,581	11.9	11.6	0.3	−0.4	1.56
1984	9,855,000	115,790	110,577	5,213	11.7	11.2	0.5	−0.2	1.53
1985	9,858,000	114,283	112,691	1,592	11.6	11.4	0.2	0.2	1.51
1986	9,862,000	117,271	111,671	5,600	11.9	11.3	0.6	0.2	1.54
1987	9,870,000	117,448	105,840	11,608	11.9	10.7	1.2	2.0	1.57
1988	9,902,000	118,764	104,551	14,213	12.0	10.6	1.4	2.2	1.57
1989	9,938,000	120,550	107,332	13,218	12.1	10.8	1.3	1.6	1.58
1990	9,967,000	123,554	104,545	19,009	12.4	10.5	1.9	−0.7	1.62
1991	9,978,681 [20]	125,412	104,223	21,189	12.5	10.4	2.1	2.2	1.66
1992	10,021,997	125,322	103,858	21,464	12.5	10.3	2.1	2.5	1.65
1993	10,068,319	120,835	106,715	14,120	12.0	10.6	1.4	1.8	1.61
1994	10,100,341	116,408	103,688	12,720	11.5	10.2	1.3	1.7	1.56
1995	10,130,398	115,327	104,710	10,617	11.4	10.3	1.0	0.2	1.56
1996	10,142,776	116,262	104,228	12,034	11.4	10.3	1.2	1.5	1.59
1997	10,170,226	116,125	103,822	12,303	11.4	10.2	1.2	1.0	1.60
1998	10,192,264	114,561	104,607	9,954	11.2	10.3	1.0	1.1	1.60
1999	10,213,752	113,710	104,933	8,777	11.1	10.3	0.9	1.6	1.62
2000	10,239,085	115,157	104,921	10,236	11.2	10.2	1.0	1.4	1.67
2001	10,263,414	114,428	103,474	10,954	11.1	10.1	1.1	3.4	1.67
2002	10,309,725	111,484	105,667	5,817	10.8	10.2	0.6	3.9	1.65
2003	10,355,844	112,388	107,068	5,320	10.8	10.3	0.5	3.4	1.67
2004	10,396,421	115,908	101,964	13,944	11.1	9.8	1.3	3.5	1.72
2005	10,445,852	118,290	103,305	14,985	11.3	9.9	1.4	4.9	1.76
2006	10,511,382	121,695	101,614	20,081	11.5	9.6	1.9	5.1	1.80
2007	10,584,534	125,228	102,060	23,168	11.8	9.6	2.2	5.4	1.82
2008	10,665,140	128,049	104,587	23,462	12.0	9.8	2.2	6.0	1.85
2009	10,753,080	127,297	104,509	22,788	11.8	9.7	2.1	6.0	1.84
2010	10,839,905	129,173	105,094	24,079	11.9	9.7	2.2	8.1	1.85
2011	10,951,266	127,655	104,247	23,408	11.7	9.5	2.1	5.6	1.81
2012	11,035,948	126,993	109,034	17,959	11.5	9.9	1.6	4.2	1.79
2013	11,099,554	124,862	109,295	15,567	11.2	9.8	1.4	3.2	1.75
2014	11,150,516	124,415	104,723	19,692	11.2	9.4	1.8	3.4	1.74
2015	11,209,044	121,713	110,508	11,205	10.9	9.9	1.0	4.3	1.69
2016	11,267,910	121,161	108,056	13,105	10.8	9.6	1.2	3.6	1.68
2017	11,322,088	119,102	109,629	9,473	10.5	9.7	0.8	4.0	1.64
2018	11,376,070	117,800	110,645	7,155	10.4	9.7	0.6	4.3	1.61
2019	11,431,406	117,103	108,745	8,358	10.2	9.5	0.7	4.6	1.60
2020	11,492,641	113,739	126,850	−13,111	9.9	11.0	−1.1	3.6	1.55
2021	11,521,238	117,914	112,291	5,623	10.3	9.8	0.5	5.0	1.60
2022	11,584,008	113,593	116,380	−2,787	9.8	10.0	−0.3	10.1	1.53
2023	11,697,557	110,198	111,255	−1,057	9.5	9.6	−0.1	5.7	1.47
2024	11,763,650	108,150	112,029	−3,879	9.2	9.5	−0.3	4.4	1.45(e)
2025	11,825,551

Current vital statistics

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January–May 2024	45,446	48,296	−2,850
January–May 2025	44,784	50,804	−6,020
Difference	−662 (−1.46%)	+2,508 (+5.20%)	−3,170
Source:[21][22]

Total fertility rates by province

2023^[23]

Province	TFR
Luxembourg	1.58
Antwerp	1.56
Hainaut	1.52
West Flanders	1.52
Flemish Brabant	1.51
Liège	1.48
Belgium	1.47
East Flanders	1.45
Namur	1.44
Limburg	1.41
Walloon Brabant	1.40
Brussels	1.36

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.I.2011): ^[24]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 401 718	5 598 920	11 000 638	100
0–4	330 184	315 328	645 512	5.87
5–9	310 560	296 765	607 325	5.52
10–14	313 738	300 722	614 460	5.59
15–19	331 790	317 228	649 018	5.90
20–24	344 647	339 446	684 093	6.22
25–29	351 045	349 328	700 373	6.37
30–34	364 728	358 208	722 936	6.57
35–39	375 815	365 389	741 204	6.74
40–44	401 530	388 365	789 895	7.18
45–49	418 827	409 340	828 167	7.53
50–54	391 809	389 431	781 240	7.10
55–59	349 489	352 842	702 331	6.38
60–64	320 714	330 190	650 904	5.92
65−69	230 217	249 982	480 199	4.37
70−74	205 382	242 992	448 374	4.08
75−79	171 538	230 056	401 594	3.65
80−84	115 591	189 197	304 788	2.77
85−89	57 963	122 532	180 495	1.64
90−94	13 541	39 167	52 708	0.48
95−99	2 412	10 980	13 392	0.12
100+	198	1 432	1 630	0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	954 482	912 815	1 867 297	16.97
15–64	3 650 394	3 599 767	7 250 161	65.91
65+	796 842	1 086 338	1 883 180	17.12

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2019): ^[24]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 644 826	5 810 693	11 455 519	100
0–4	315 177	300 999	616 176	5.38
5–9	340 923	325 662	666 585	5.82
10–14	336 284	320 521	656 805	5.73
15–19	323 790	307 712	631 502	5.51
20–24	341 598	328 722	670 320	5.85
25–29	374 924	371 623	746 547	6.52
30–34	368 166	368 614	736 780	6.43
35–39	377 157	374 627	751 784	6.56
40–44	368 567	362 807	731 374	6.38
45–49	393 483	384 045	777 528	6.79
50–54	406 309	396 620	802 929	7.01
55–59	395 854	395 473	791 327	6.91
60–64	349 994	360 409	710 403	6.20
65−69	298 587	317 045	615 632	5.37
70−74	249 942	281 596	531 538	4.64
75−79	165 281	206 039	371 320	3.24
80−84	131 154	188 231	319 385	2.79
85−89	76 742	138 520	215 262	1.88
90−94	26 044	63 743	89 787	0.78
95−99	4 640	16 410	21 050	0.18
100−104	201	1 188	1 389	0.01
105−109	9	84	93	<0.01
110+	0	3	3	<0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	992 384	947 182	1 939 566	16.93
15–64	3 699 842	3 650 652	7 350 494	64.17
65+	952 600	1 212 859	2 165 459	18.90

Immigration

Since the relaxation of the Belgian nationality law, more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship and are now considered new Belgians. 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people.^{[25][dubious – discuss]}

In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685 000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695 000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State.

Net migration rate; 4.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Belgium migration data

Belgium migration data, 1948–present

Year	Immigration	Emigration	Net migration
1948	89,924	60,061	29,863
1949	31,795	63,801	−32,006
1950	27,922	46,569	−18,647
1951	59,954	51,620	8,334
1952	52,150	46,566	5,584
1953	39,964	45,613	−5,649
1954	34,604	41,834	−7,230
1955	51,106	39,037	12,069
1956	52,593	43,724	8,869
1957	68,794	43,221	25,573
1958	47,124	49,322	−2,198
1959	32,315	43,215	−10,900
1960	42,248	39,127	3,121
1961	36,088	42,646	−6,558
1962	52,744	39,084	13,660
1963	72,586	43,161	29,425
1964	92,334	48,511	43,823
1965	80,761	54,167	26,594
1966	71,078	53,887	17,191
1967	63,713	52,967	10,746
1968	57,122	56,628	494
1969	55,243	50,988	4,255
1970	62,143	56,371	5,772
1971	62,708	43,341	19,367
1972	62,474	54,791	7,683
1973	64,250	52,603	11,647
1974	71,866	52,670	19,196
1975	69,886	53,739	16,147
1976	58,724	56,921	1,803
1977	55,298	55,076	222
1978	52,594	58,495	−5,901
1979	54,854	59,552	−4,698
1980	54,694	58,212	−3,518
1981	49,298	60,194	−10,896
1982	44,659	61,931	−17,272
1983	43,657	61,339	−17,682
1984	47,002	56,447	−9,445
1985	47,042	54,021	−6,979
1986	48,959	53,793	−4,834
1987	49,750	57,033	−7,283
1988	54,048	54,082	−34
1989	60,067	49,439	10,628
1990	68,929	49,246	19,683
1991	74,617	60,471	14,146
1992	80,191	55,411	24,780
1993	78,376	59,843	18,533
1994	81,865	64,234	17,631
1995	78,459	64,822	13,637
1996	78,046	65,167	12,879
1997	76,449	69,716	6,733
1998	80,194	73,199	6,995
1999	87,915	75,866	12,049
2000	90,412	76,848	13,564
2001	111,866	76,566	35,300
2002	115,542	77,121	38,421
2003	113,794	80,764	33,030
2004	119,143	85,474	33,669
2005	135,289	88,216	47,073
2006	139,595	89,576	50,019
2007	151,069	93,952	57,117
2008	164,152	100,275	63,877
2009	166,479	103,718	62,761
2010	166,188	86,719	79,469
2011	161,508	99,422	62,086
2012	149,095	104,697	44,398
2013	146,645	111,814	34,831
2014	153,926	113,975	39,951
2015	158,032	110,360	47,672
2016	160,480	118,245	42,235
2017	163,918	119,382	44,536
2018	166,894	116,714	50,180
2019	174,591	119,560	55,031
2020	144,169	102,413	41,756
2021	165,534	107,416	58,118
2022	233,629	117,085	116,544
2023	194,887	128,538	66,349
2024	194,212	128,168	66,044

Distribution of foreigners by nationality in Belgium^[26][27][28]

Country of origin	2013	2015	2017	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total population	11,099,554	11,209,044	11,322,088	11,431,406	11,492,641	11,521,238	11,584,008	11,697,597	11,763,650
Belgium	9,904,432	9,953,758	9,994,312	10,039,981	10,065,990	10,073,385	10,100,333	10,124,284	10,155,943
Total foreigners	1,195,122	1,255,286	1,327,776	1,391,425	1,426,651	1,447,853	1,483,675	1,573,313	1,607,707
France	153,413	159,352	164,410	167,508	170,324	173,282	176,199	179,272	181,143
The Netherlands	143,977	149,199	153,736	157,474	159,319	160,875	163,474	166,360	168,242
Italy	157,426	156,977	156,726	155,866	155,696	154,544	153,813	153,416	152,524
Romania	50,906	65,768	80,669	96,034	105,358	110,917	117,274	124,876	128,898
Morocco	83,271	82,009	82,586	80,295	80,579	80,550	81,420	81,667	81,872
Spain	54,406	60,386	63,043	65,476	67,861	69,933	73,556	77,333	80,790
Poland	61,524	68,403	71,457	71,331	70,671	69,820	69,082	68,838	68,136
Ukraine	4,109	4,382	4,695	5,072	5,426	5,624	5,988	58,029	64,420
Portugal	38,812	42,793	45,816	47,677	48,979	50,116	51,802	53,598	55,609
Bulgaria	23,386	28,721	33,152	37,277	40,687	43,104	45,590	48,474	49,404
Turkey	37,989	36,747	36,167	36,678	37,492	37,717	38,936	40,250	41,700
Germany	39,745	39,294	39,501	39,608	39,714	39,936	40,331	40,850	41,206
Syria					32,594	32,614	32,264	32,274
Unknown and stateless	8,909	11,529	14,844	21,380	23,286	25,326	26,270	26,790	24,314
Afghanistan	5,100	8,030	11,133	16,372	17,717	18,263	19,561	21,451	23,306
DRC	20,066	20,625	21,282	21,526	21,357	21,395	21,617	21,363	21,131
India	8,864	10,383	11,733	14,683	15,747	15,999	17,050	18,696	20,141
Greece	15,513	16,275	17,017	17,921	18,297	18,375	18,720	19,204	19,638
Cameroon	10,035	10,732	11,842	12,831	13,201	13,756	15,169	15,485	15,912
China	10,454	11,275	12,155	12,930	13,479	13,037	13,544	14,075	14,490
United Kingdom	24,543	23,794	22,949	20,344	19,026	18,574	16,273	14,816	13,840
Brazil	7,463	8,047	8,456	9,210	9,745	10,092	10,880	11,778	12,817
Palestine					6,784	7,198	8 500	11,753
Russia	13,831	12,434	12,259	12,045	11,836	11,514	11,414	11,244	11,125
Algeria	10,075	9,944	9,961	9,784	9,938	10,073	10,313	10,634	10,807
United States	11,526	11,489	11,252	10,793	10,877	10,356	10,497	10,354	10 365
Guinea	6,930	8,262	9,657	9,903	9,948	10,022	10,241	10,154	9,997
Iraq	6,195	6,559	10,838	13,227	13,375	13,003	11,585	10,052	8,747
Tunisia	4,996	5,524	6,091	6,398	6,627	6,967	7,268	7,819	8,517
Slovakia	5,350	5,707	6,121	6,463	6,820	6,879	7,230	7,416	7,659
Albania	4,941	5,100	5,167	5,582	5,943	6,288	6,610	7,054	7,518
Eritrea					4,068	4,585	5,810	7,476
Hungary	5,300	6,167	6,509	6,761	6,897	6,929	7,009	7,145	7,439
Somalia	1,286	1,660	3,440	5,237	5,784	6,205	6,321	6,227	6,247
Kosovo	4,597	4,553	4,533	4,830	5,147	5,401	5,606	5,785	6,043
Pakistan	4,673	4,959	5,287	5,293	5,295	5,320	5,484	5,669	6,001
Iran	4,480	4,381	4,107	4,549	4,756	4,948	5,196	5,305	5,765
North Macedonia	4,630	4,280	4,436	4,662	4,786	4,802	4,696	4,524	5,417
Ireland	4,003	4,035	4,168	4,321	4,460	4,631	5,008	5,230	5,334
Luxembourg	4,361	4,335	4,384	4,452	4,522	4,648	4,892	5,123	5,261
Armenia	6,765	6,578	4,747	4,434	4,830	5,106	5,085	5,267	5,177
Serbia	4,091	3,718	3,961	4,247	4,576	4,862	5,041	5,077	5,151
Ghana	3,940	4,449	4,635	4,528	4,647	4,625	4,760	4,852	4,842
Philippines	3,774	4,142	4,398	4,346	4,330	4,319	4,349	4,597	4,720
Burundi		1,587	1,782	2,379	2,806	3,167	3,563	3,691	4,483
Sweden	4,262	3,918	3,859	3,763	3,749	3,754	3,919	4,058	4,247
Japan	4,464	4,386	4,263	4,385	4,406	4,111	4,260	4,241	4,242
Czech Republic	3,212	3,407	3,490	3,468	3,614	3,676	3,782	3,798	3,848
Nigeria	3,293	3,671	3,786	3,755	3,731	3,738	3,783	3,831	3,816
Thailand	3,398	3,499	3,705	3,842	3,889	3,777	3,862	3,881	3,747
Lebanon					1,952	2,169	2,868	3,414	3,768
Moldova					1,866	2,163	2,682	3,730
Lithuania	2,168	2,472	2,506	2,836	3,054	3,165	3,347	3,511	3,589
Croatia	1,026	1,491	2,040	2,601	2,815	3,023	3,173	3,366	3,533
Senegal	1,890	2,223	2,610	2,792	2,896	2,937	3,108	3,223	3,351
Austria	2,712	2,767	2,814	2,844	2,883	2,889	2,983	3,085	3,159
Finland	2,926	2,859	2,863	2,946	2,935	2,860	2,916	2,980	3,001
Rwanda	3,607	3,316	3,116	3,023	2,923	2,850	2,790	2,753	2,766
Colombia		1,806	1,840	1,992	2,160	2 237	2,381	2,589	2,734
Nepal							2,140	2,409	2,687
Canada	2,816	2,839	2,719	2,723	2,767	2,615	2,515	2,585	2,644
Denmark	2,861	2,774	2,792	2,733	2,675	2,670	2,663	2,653	2,625
Angola	3,026	2,973	2,864	2,749	2,662	2,644	2,628	2,612	2,595
Ivory Coast	2,169	2,239	2,287	2,352	2,391	2,441	2,543	2,552	2,559
Latvia	1,643	1,764	1,851	2,020	2,112	2,180	2,245	2,404	2,494
Switzerland	2,089	2,092	2,118	2,158	2,233	2,250	2,308	2,369	2,375
Togo	2,478	2,472	2,434	2,317	2,341	2,335	2,346	2,269	2,213
Georgia							1,873	2,051	2,162
Indonesia								1,888	2,012

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24; total: 15.8%.

male: 16.2%

female: 15.3% (2018 est.)

Education

Literacy; Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.)

Total population: 99%

Male: 99%

Female: 99%

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education); total: 20 years

male: 19 years

female: 21 years (2018)

Origin groups

Further information: Belgians

Belgians as a proportion of the population regionally and nationally from 2000 to 2021

Belgians with a Belgian background in Brussels

Belgium does not collect data on ethnicity or race, but does collect data on the country of origin of citizens.^[29]

The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Italian Belgians, with more than 450,000^[30] people, which is well over 4% of Belgium's total population. The Moroccan Belgians are the third-largest group, and the largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 340,359.^[30][31] According to Michèle Tribalat in the beginning of 2020, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed 32.1% of the total population.^[32] According to Statbel, 65.5% of the Belgian population was Belgian with a Belgian background in 2024. The Belgian background by age group was 51.8% among those under 18, 62.1% among 18-64-year-olds and 85.5% among those aged 65 and over.^[33]

Of these 'New Belgians', 55.1% are of non-Belgian European ancestry and 44.9% are from non-Western countries.

The rest consists mostly of French-speaking people from Brussels, Turks, Kurds,^[34] Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spaniards, Greeks, Bosniaks, Algerians, Congolese, Vietnamese, Poles, Indians, and Guineans (around 23% of Belgium's population is of non-Belgian origin).^[35] Approximately 30,000 Roma live in Belgium.^[36]

The exact number of French-speakers in Brussels is hard to determine, but it is estimated that 85% of the people living in Brussels use French and 10% use Dutch in their households, as the sole language or secondary language, while Arabic is also largely spoken. See the Brussels article for more details.^[37]

In the table are the top 30 countries by origin of the population of Belgium in 2020^{[citation needed]}

Group of origin	Year
	2001[38]		2006[38]		2011[38]		2016[38]		2023[38]		2024[38]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Belgians with Belgian background	8,394,413	81.8%	8,252,547	78.5%	8,132,782	74.3%	7,966,385	70.7%	7,665,100	65.5%	7,618,446	64.8%
Belgians with foreign background[fn 2]	1,007,316	9.8%	1,358,362	12.9%	1,699,228	15.5%	2,005,865	17.8%	2,459,184	21.0%	2,537,497	21.6%
Neighbouring country[fn 3]	265,422	2.6%	299,651		334,500		362,196		398,149	3.4%
Other EU	319,180	3.1%	375,091		429,945		481,977		547,298	4.7%
Other Europe	100,019	1%	160,650		215,141		260,067		316,125	2.7%
Africa	210,601	2.1%	363,476		505,113		639,146		823,402	7%
Asia and Oceania	54,409	0.5%	77,410		106,973		133,603		199,302	1.7%
Other	19,655	0.2%	29,446		40,386		49,113		65,623	0.6%
Not classified	38,030	0.4%	52,638		67,170		79,763		109,285	0.9%
Non-Belgians	861,685	8.4%	900,473	8.6%	1,119,256	10.2%	1,295,660	11.5%	1,573,273	13.4%	1,607,707	13.7%
Neighbouring country[fn 4]	257,981	2.5%	289,826		336,102		360,731		383,151	3.3%
Other EU	313,827	3.1%	314,549		387,389		481,218		569,989	4.9%
Other Europe	68,323	0.7%	67,277		87,645		83,783		144,633	1.2%
Africa	153,603	1.5%	139,458		182,605		207,957		234,162	2%
Asia and Oceania	30,609	0.3%	44,866		64,238		93,839		149,313	1.3%
Other	23,155	0.2%	26,355		33,904		39,605		47,547	0.4%
Not classified	14,187	0.1%	18,142		27,373		28,527		44,478	0.4%
Total	10,263,414	100%	10,511,382	100%	10,951,266	100%	11,267,910	100%	11,697,557	100%	11,763,650	100%

Place of Birth	Year
	2011[39]
	Number	%
Place of Birth in Reporting Country	9,371,282
Place of Birth Not in Reporting Country	1,517,608
Other EU Member State	765,523
Outside EU but within Europe	25,764
Outside Europe/ Non-European	752,085
Africa	418,576
Asia	239,474
North America	20,488
Caribbean, South or Central America	45,650
Total	11,000,638	100%

Countries of origin of Belgian population (2020)

Country	Number (2020)	% of population of foreign origin	% of total population
Morocco	340,359	13.3%	3.0%
Italy	278,877	11.1%	2.4%
France	217,200	8.7%	1.9%
Netherlands	190,271	7.3%	1.7%
Turkey	161,581	6.2%	1.4%
Romania	120,929	4.8%	1.1%
Poland	97,183	3.9%	0.8%
Spain	78,745	3.1%	0.7%
Democratic Republic of the Congo	65,687	2.7%	0.6%
Russia	62,059	2.5%	0.5%
Portugal	54,719	2.1%	0.5%
Germany	50,772	2.0%	0.4%
Bulgaria	46,876	1.9%	0.4%
Syria	35,626	1.4%	0.3%
Algeria	31,956	1.2%	0.3%
United Kingdom	29,504	1.1%	0.3%
Greece	28,643	1.1%	0.2%
India	27,267	1.0%	0.2%
Afghanistan	25,727	1.0%	0.2%
Cameroon	24,267	0.9%	0.2%
China	22,283	0.9%	0.2%
Tunisia	20,921	0.8%	0.2%
Iraq	20,882	0.8%	0.2%
Guinea	19,244	0.7%	0.2%
Brazil	15,158	0.6%	0.1%
Rwanda	14,729	0.6%	0.1%
Pakistan	14,580	0.6%	0.1%
United States	13,820	0.5%	0.1%
Iran	12,891	0.5%	0.1%
Albania	12,641	0.5%	0.1%
Senegal	11,876	0.5%	0.1%
Other countries	414,327	16.2%	3.6%
Total	2,549,724	100%	22.2%

Naturalisation

Foreign nationals can only apply for Belgian nationality after 5 years of legal residence in Belgium. The requirements for Belgium nationality are You have been legally resident in Belgium for at least 5 years, You have a right to remain indefinitely, You are integrated in Belgium, for example you have a certificate of integration, You speak and write 1 of the 3 national languages, and You have already worked at least 468 days. ^[40] Since the year 2000 there has been 910,067 naturalised persons.

Naturalisation Data by Continent (2000–2023)

Continent	Naturalised Persons	Percentage of Total
Europe	344,923	37.9%
Asia	133,183	14.6%
Africa	362,308	39.8%
America	30,783	3.4%
Oceania	454	0.05%
Others	38,416	4.2%
Total	910,067	100%

Main Nationalities Granted Belgian Citizenship (2000–2023)

Rank	Country	Number of Naturalised Persons
1	Morocco	189,826
2	Turkey	85,156
3	Italy	48,839
4	Democratic Republic of the Congo	39,677
5	Romania	26,877
6	Russia	22,055
7	Poland	21,652
8	Netherlands	21,287
9	France	20,571
10	Syria	17,118
11	Afghanistan	15,269
12	Cameroon	15,302
13	Iraq	13,717
14	Spain	10,529
15	India	10,522

^[41]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Belgium

Belgium's three official languages are Dutch, spoken by about 60% of the population, French, spoken by about 40%, and German, spoken by less than 1%. The vast majority of Belgium's population, 99%, is literate as defined by the Belgian government, i.e. capable of reading and writing in an official language by the time a citizen has reached the age of 15. English is the official (meetings) language of the European Commission, 10% of the job market in Brussels.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Belgium

As of 2012, 58% of Belgians identify as Catholic. Other Christians comprise 7% of the population. Muslims comprise 5%. 27% of Belgians are agnostics, atheists or otherwise irreligious.^[42]

See also

• Belgian nationality law
• Metropolitan areas in Belgium
• Demographics of Brussels

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
2. The number includes Belgian nationals who either previously were foreign nationals themselves or at least one of their parents was a foreign national.
3. This category includes;

   • Germany;
   • France;
   • Luxembourg;
   • the Netherlands;
   • the United Kingdom;
4. This category includes;

   • Germany;
   • France;
   • Luxembourg;
   • the Netherlands;
   • the United Kingdom;