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Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced
Indian National Entrance Exam for Indian institute of technologies and other institutions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced (JEE-Advanced) (formerly the Indian Institute of Technology – Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE)) is an academic examination held annually in India that tests the skills and knowledge of the applicants in physics, chemistry and mathematics. It is organised by one of the seven zonal Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): IIT Roorkee, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, and IIT Guwahati, under the guidance of the Joint Admission Board (JAB) on a round-robin rotation pattern for the qualifying candidates of the Joint Entrance Examination – Main(exempted for foreign nationals and candidates who have secured OCI/PIO cards on or after 04–03–2021). It used to be the sole prerequisite for admission to the IITs' bachelor's programs before the introduction of UCEED,[2] Online B.S.[3] and Olympiad entries,[4] but seats through these new media are very low.[5]
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Other universities, such as the Indian Maritime University Kolkata, the Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology and the Indian Institute of Space Technology, use the score obtained in the JEE-Advanced exam as the sole basis for admission. The Indian Institute of Science also uses the score obtained in the JEE-Advanced exam as one of the basis for admission. The JEE-Advanced score is also used as a possible basis for admission by Indian applicants to non-Indian universities such as the University of Cambridge and the National University of Singapore.[6][7]
The JEE-Advanced has been consistently ranked as one of the toughest exams in the world.[8][9] High school students from across India typically prepare for several years to take this exam, and most of them attending coaching institutes. The combination of its high difficulty level, intense competition, unpredictable paper pattern and low acceptance rate exerts immense pressure on aspirants, making success in this exam a highly sought-after achievement. In a 2018 interview, former IIT Delhi director V. Ramgopal Rao, said the exam is "tricky and difficult" because it is framed to "reject candidates, not to select them".[10] In 2024, out of the 180,200 candidates who took the exam, 48,248 candidates qualified.
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History
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Before the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), India had a few engineering colleges. These colleges used different ways to admit students. Some used school marks, and others had their own tests. The quality of education and the ways to get into college were not the same across India.[11]
The Indian government wanted to make better engineers. The first institute among IITs, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, started in 1951. In its initial years before 1961, students were admitted based on their academic results, followed by an interview in several locations across the country. From 1955 to 1960, admissions for the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur were conducted via a national examination. Academic disciplines were allotted to the students via interviews and counselling sessions held at Kharagpur.[citation needed]
The IIT-JEE was first conducted in 1961 as Common Entrance Exam (CEE), coinciding with the 1961 IIT Act.[12] This was the start of a big change in how students got into IITs. The JEE had papers in Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. It also had a paper in English. Students from all over India took the same test.[11]
In 1978, the English paper was not considered when ranking participants' performance in the examination. In 1998, the English test was discontinued.[citation needed]
In 1997, the IIT-JEE was conducted twice after the question paper was leaked in some locations.[citation needed]
Between 2000 and 2005, an additional screening test was used alongside the main examination, intended to reduce pressure on the main examination by allowing only about 20,000 top candidates to appear for the examination, out of more than 450,000 applicants.[citation needed]
In 2002, an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced, and it was used for admissions to many institutions of national importance other than the IITs.[citation needed]
In June 2005, The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT-JEE to eradicate the "coaching mania" and to improve gender and socio-economic diversity.[13][14][15] Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), or a two-tier examination. Whereas ranks from the first tier can be used to gain admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country.[citation needed]
In September 2005, the group of directors of all the IITs announced significant revisions to the examination. These were implemented from 2006 onward.[16] The revised examination consisted of a single objective test, replacing and abolishing the earlier two-test system with screener. In the revised examination, to be eligible for taking it, candidates in the general category had to obtain at least 60% aggregate marks in the 12th-grade examinations organized by various educational boards of India, while candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Persons With Disabilities (PwD) categories needed a minimum score of 55%.[citation needed]
In 2008, the director and the dean of IIT Madras proposed further revisions to the examination, arguing that the coaching institutes were "enabling many among the less-than-best students to crack the test and keeping girls from qualifying". They expressed concern that the present system did not allow for applicants' 12 years of schooling to have a bearing on admissions into IIT.[17]
In 2008, the Indian Institutes of Technology began offering their admission tests in Dubai.[18] Annually, the number of candidates for the examination in Dubai varies between 200 and 220.[19]
In 2013, the AIEEE was renamed JEE-Main, and IIT-JEE was renamed JEE-Advanced; the JEE-Main had become the screening exam for JEE-Advanced.
In 2018, the JEE-Advanced exam started being conducted online.
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Qualifying percentage (As of JEE Advanced 2024)
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Minimum percentage of aggregate/subject marks may be lowered subsequently considering the toughness of the paper and the need of students.
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Number of applicants by year
NOTE:
- (1) Qualifying to take JEE-Advanced does not mean IIT admission.[25][26]
- (2) Reserved categories have lower qualifying cutoff, (e.g. GEN-EWS/OBC-NCL get 10% relaxation, SC/ST/PWD get 50% relaxation and SC/ST/PWD also get 75% relaxation for preparatory courses in IITs) who are also considered qualified and thus included in the list.[27]
- (3) From 2013, only a certain threshold number of students from JEE-Main are allowed to take JEE-Advanced.[28]
Organizing institute
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The JEE – Advanced exam is conducted by the seven zonal Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): IIT Roorkee, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras and IIT Guwahati on a rotating basis. This list shows the organizers of the exam in recent years.
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Paper pattern
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JEE (Advanced) is conducted in two papers of three hours each – Paper-1 and Paper-2 (both compulsory) consist of questions from three major subjects: physics, chemistry and mathematics. Unlike most of the other exams, the type, the number of questions being asked in the paper, the total marks and the marking scheme varies from year to year depending upon the organizing institute, with an average of about 36–38 questions asked from each subject across both the papers. For example, the 2021 JEE-Advanced paper had 38 questions (19 questions in Paper-1 and the next 19 in Paper-2) from each of the three subjects.
Each paper in every subject is divided into 4 sections (the marking scheme may vary from year to year):
Some previous year papers also included matrix match type questions instead of single-correct multiple choice questions.[44][45]
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Syllabus
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Since the starting of the examination in 1961, the syllabus majorly consists of topics that are taught in Indian High schools, from the curriculum of Class XI and Class XII. These include topics from mathematics, physics and chemistry (organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry and physical chemistry). A recent change in the syllabus was carried out in November 2021, when a revised syllabus was adopted for the exam, this syllabus has been implemented from 2023 onwards. A brief overview of topics asked is listed below.[46][needs update]
Mathematics
Higher algebra (including certain topics from linear algebra), combinatorics, probability (including topics like conditional probability, law of total probability, Bayes' theorem), geometry, coordinate system (points and lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas), trigonometry (including the inverse trigonometric functions), algebraic functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, floor function, fractional part function, signum function, even and odd functions, periodic functions, composite function, inverse functions, limits, derivative of a function, analysis of continuity and differentiability of a function, derivatives and their applications (tangents and normals to a function, angle between curves, Rolle's theorem, Mean value theorem, monotonicity of a function, and maxima and minima of a function), indefinite antiderivative of a function, definite integrals, analysis of area bounded by a curve and its axis, and differential equations.
Physics
General physics, classical Newtonian mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, acoustics (sound and oscillation), electromagnetism, electrostatics, electrodynamics or, electromagnetism (both electricity and magnetism) and electromagnetic waves, modern physics (radioactivity, nuclear physics, elementary quantum mechanics), optics (both geometrical optics and wave optics)
Chemistry
Physical chemistry
General studies of substance (moles, molarity, redox reactions, etc.), atomic structure (with concerned topics of quantum mechanics), states of matter, chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics, equilibrium chemistry (both chemical equilibrium and ionic equilibrium), electrochemistry, colligative properties, titrations (including acid–base and redox), surface science and nuclear chemistry.
Inorganic chemistry
Periodic properties, bonding in chemicals (including the theories of bonding i.e. valence bond theory, VSEPR theory and molecular orbital theory), coordination compounds and complexes, metallurgy, qualitative inorganic salt analysis, hydrogen, detailed studies of reactions, physical and chemical properties, along with their certain compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, boron family, carbon family, nitrogen family, oxygen family, halogens and noble gases, transition elements (including noble metals), actinides, lanthanides, types of reactions and environmental chemistry.
Organic chemistry
IUPAC nomenclature, general organic chemistry (including hybridization, hydrogen bonding, inductive effects, isomerism, resonance, aromaticity, hyperconjugation, mesomerism, carbocations and carbanions, bond cleavage including heterolysis and homolysis, stereoisomerism including enantiomers and diastereomers), organic reagents, some named reactions, detailed analysis of reaction mechanisms, the compounds and preparation of hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, carbonyl compounds (alcohols, phenols and ethers), aromatic compounds, biomolecules, carbohydrates and polymers, amines, Chemistry in everyday life and practical organic chemistry.
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Seats
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Source:[47]
The number of students taking the examination increased substantially each year with 506,484 candidates registered for JEE-Advanced- 2012.[48] However, with the two stage JEE-Main + JEE-Advanced structure from 2013,[49] the number of candidates in JEE-Advanced is fixed at 150 thousand students in 2013 and it is increased in subsequent years to 250 thousand as of 2022.[50] The total seats available in each institute (Seat Matrix) is summarized in table below.[51]
Note: This intake is only about bachelor's program intake through JEE-Advanced and it is not about intake in IITs, because some IITs also admit students through UCEED and Olympiads.[55][56][57][58][59]
In 2011, additional courses were introduced in the IITs. IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad were started in 2015 and four more institutes (IIT Bhilai, IIT Dharwad, IIT Goa, and IIT Jammu) opened in 2016. In 2018, to ensure minimum female enrollment of 14%, the IITs introduced "female-only" and "gender-neutral" seats based on 2017 enrollment statistics; and "super-numerary" seats were allocated per-institute and per-course to reach a 14% target. With these, and slight overall seat increases, the total seat availability was over 12,000, including 801 "super-numerary female-only" seats. For 2019, with the partial rollout of a 10% EWS quota (without a reduction in non-reserved seats) and the increase of the female enrollment target to 17%, the total seats available went up to over 13,500, with over 1200 super-numerary female-only seats. In 2020, with the full rollout of the 10% EWS quota and a 20% female enrolment target, total available seats increased further to 16,053, with over 1500 super-numerary female-only seats.
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Exam Toughness
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Every year, lakhs of students in India chase a single dream: to get into one of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Cracking the IIT Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) is seen as a badge of honor. The IIT JEE assesses candidates’ speed, accuracy, and, most importantly, their comprehension of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. It demands one to three years of focused preparation, long study hours, and the ability to stay calm under pressure.
IIT JEE is definitely one of the toughest exams in India. But it is not the toughest. Most experts and students agree that the UPSC Civil Services Exam is even tougher. Both exams are different. They test different skills and follow different formats. But in terms of syllabus, time, and unpredictability, UPSC is considered harder. Still, IIT JEE is no easy task. It requires strong problem-solving skills, a deep understanding of concepts, and years of preparation.
JEE Competition and Acceptance Rate
Let’s look at the numbers.
- Every year, around 14-15 lakh (1,475,103 as of 2025) students take JEE Main.
- Only the top 2.5 lakh (2,50,284 as of 2024) qualify for JEE Advanced.
- Finally, around 1.8 lakh students (1,80,200 as of 2024) among them take the test.[24]
- Only around 45,000 (48,248, which is 26.77% out of which who wrote JEE-Advanced after qualifying JEE-Main as of 2024[24]) qualify the exam by clearing the total cutoff marks & individual subject cutoffs. Qualifying to take JEE-Advanced does not mean IIT admission.[60]
- After that, only about 17,000 (17,740 as of 2024) students get seats in the IITs.
This means almost 1% of total applicants (1.25% of total applicants and 9.84% out of which who wrote JEE-Advanced after qualifying JEE-Main as of 2024) make it to an IIT. That’s what makes this exam so competitive.
Comparison with Global Exams
Now let’s compare it with top universities abroad.
- MIT (USA) has an acceptance rate of about 4%.
- Harvard University accepts around 5% of applicants.
- The acceptance rate at Stanford University is 3.9%.
- University of Cambridge's Engineering acceptance rate is around 14% for undergraduate programs.
- Imperial College London's acceptance rate for bachelor's engineering programs typically ranging from 10% to 15%.
- IITs, through JEE Advanced, accept around 1% of total applicants.
So even though the exam is only for Indian students, in terms of acceptance rate, IIT JEE is more competitive than Ivy League universities.[61] The JEE-Advanced has been consistently ranked as one of the toughest exams in the world.[8][9]In a 2018 interview, former IIT Delhi director V. Ramgopal Rao, said the exam is "tricky and difficult" because it is framed to "reject candidates, not to select them".[10]
Some Reasons why JEE Advanced is One of the Toughest Exams in the World
1. Extensive and Complex Syllabus
2. High Level of Conceptual Understanding Required
3. Tough Competition
4. Innovative and Unconventional Question Format
5. Time Pressure
6. Negative Marking and Multiple Correct Answers
7. High Mental and Physical Endurance Required
8. Difficulty of the Question Paper
9. A Rigorous Selection Process
10. Pressure of Reputation and Expectations[62]
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Criticism
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In 2012, Super 30 founder and mathematician Anand Kumar criticized the New Admission Norms, saying that the decision of the IITs' council to give a chance to students in the top 20% from various boards in the class 12 examinations was "a decision in haste". "This is one decision that will go against the poor, who don't have the opportunity to study in elite schools," he added.[63]
The IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi; it has been criticized as being harder for students from places where other Indian languages, like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu, Oriya, Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, or Gujarati, are more prominent. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, demanding the examinations be conducted in Gujarati too.[64] A second petition was made that October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.[65] Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the Constitution of India. The Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) party, a political party in Tamil Nadu, held a demonstration at Chennai for conducting the IIT-JEE and other national entrance exams in regional languages also, particularly Tamil in Tamil Nadu.[66]
The PMK party filed Public Interest Litigation in the Madras High Court to conduct the IIT-JEE entrance exam in Tamil. They claimed that every year 763,000 students were completing grade 12 in Tamil Nadu, 75% of them from Tamil Medium. They had to take the entrance exam in English or Hindi, neither of which was their medium of instruction nor their mother tongue, and so were denied their fundamental right to take the entrance exam in a language familiar to them.[67][68] Shiv Sena urged the MHRD to conduct the IIT-JEE and other national undergraduate entrance exams in regional languages, particularly Marathi in Maharashtra.[69] In 2017, the Supreme Court ordered JAB to put a bar on the ongoing counseling process. There were three questions comprising a total of 11 marks that were unclear.
JEE(Advanced) has also been criticised for its notoriously tough, unpredictable paper pattern, for a high school student, the questions asked go way beyond the scope of conventional teaching in schools, this forces the students to opt for coaching classes. The coaching classes create a situation of extreme pressure for the students, gradually affecting their mental health.[70]
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Coaching
These academies included mock tests multiple times a week, up to 200 students per class, and long hours, ranging from 4 to 7 hours a day, in addition to regular high school work. There were hundreds of academies across the country, and the most famous—in Kota, Rajasthan—attracted approximately 125,000 students each year.[71]
Coaching programs are major corporations, listed on the Indian stock market and also attracting billions of dollars of investment from private equity firms.[72] The high-pressure environment at these coaching institutes has been blamed for a significant number of suicides.[73] To mitigate this pressure, initiatives like National Level Common Entrance Examination (NLCEE) provide students with exposure visits to prestigious institutions, helping them make informed decisions and reduce stress.[74]
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Recent modifications in the exam
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There were several changes made to the exam in 2018. The Joint Admission Board (JAB) decided to conduct the entire exam online from 2018 onwards, hoping to reduce the chances of paper leak and make logistics and evaluation easier. It said that the online exam would neutralize the problem of misprinting.[75]
JEE(Advanced) 2020 was scheduled on 17 May 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the JEE-Main 2020 April attempt was postponed to September (JEE(Main) 2020 September attempt was held from 1 September 2020 to 6 September 2020). JEE(Advanced) 2020 was also postponed and was held on 27 September 2020.
A series of schedule revisions were carried out in 2021. The former Education minister of India, Ramesh Pokhriyal confirmed the dates for the exam. JEE-Main exam was slated to be conducted in eight sessions over four days—two sessions each day—for each phase, with a total of four phases being held in four different months. The first phase was organized from 23 to 28 February, while the other phases were scheduled to be organized in the subsequent months of March, April and May. The JEE-Advanced exam was scheduled to be held on 3 July 2021 but was postponed—together with the third and fourth phases of the JEE-Main examination that were to be held in the respective months of April and May—due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The third and fourth phases of the JEE-Main examinations were later held on 20 July – 3 August and 26 August – 2 September, respectively. The JEE-Advanced exam was held on 3 October 2021.
JEE-Advanced 2022 was scheduled to be held on 3 July 2022 in the usual two sessions - Morning and Afternoon (both compulsory). However, with 2022 JEE-Main being postponed from April/May to 20–29 June/21–30 July, JEE-Advanced 2022 was also postponed and subsequently held on 28 August 2022.
On 5 November 2024, it was announced by IIT Kanpur, and Joint Admission Board(JAB) that the attempts of JEE-Advanced are now increased from 2 to 3.[76] But after about 13 days, on 18 November 2024, this decision was canceled by the Joint Admission Board, and the old criteria were reinstated. During the course of these 13 days, some students left their colleges and joined coaching institutes for JEE(Main) and JEE(Advanced) preparation.[77] A petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India by a group of students demanding the restoration of third attempt.[78] The Supreme Court of India granted bail to the dropouts and said that the third attempt would only be applicable to those students who dropped out between 5 November and 18 November 2024.[79]
The Impact of JEE
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Perspective
JEE is more than just an exam. It influences students’ lives, the choices they make, and even how colleges teach.
The IIT Brand
IITs are well-known and respected all over the world. People see them as top schools for engineering and technology. Graduates from IITs have done well in many fields. They have started successful companies, led big research projects, and worked in important government positions. This success shows that IITs prepare students well for their careers.
Socio-Economic Impact
The JEE exam can be a way for students from different backgrounds to improve their lives. If a student does well on the JEE, they can go to an IIT and get a good education. This can lead to better job opportunities and a higher income. However, there are also some problems with the JEE. Some people say that it puts too much pressure on students. There are also worries about the coaching culture, where students spend a lot of time and money preparing for the exam.
Engineering Education in India
The JEE has had a big effect on how engineering is taught in India. Schools and colleges have changed their classes and teaching styles to match what is on the JEE. This helps students do well on the exam, but some people think it makes the classes too focused on the test. The JEE is not the only exam for engineering anymore. There are now other engineering entrance exams that students can take. These exams offer different options for students who want to study engineering[11]
See also
- Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
- Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE)
- Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test or, Common Engineering Entrance Examination
- National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate) (NEET-UG)
- Common Admission Test (CAT)
- Joint Admission Test for Masters (JAM)
- Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE-Main)
- Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA)
- Joint Entrance Examination
- List of Engineering Entrance Exams in India
- West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination (WBJEE)
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test (BITSAT)
- Maharashtra Health and Technical Common Entrance Test (MHT-CET)
- Consortium of Medical, Engineering and Dental Colleges of Karnataka (COMED-K)
- Gujarat Common Entrance Test (GUJCET)
- Karnataka Common Entrance Test (KCET)
- Odisha Joint Entrance Examination (OJEE)
- Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test (RPET) / Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process (REAP)
- Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research Aptitude Test (IAT)
- National Entrance Screening Test (NEST)
- National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination (NDA)
- UPSC Civil Services Examination (UPSC CSE)
- List of Public service commissions in India
- Education in India
References
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