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Kings of Israel and Judah

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Kings of Israel and Judah
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The article deals with the biblical and historical kings of the Land of IsraelAbimelech of Sichem, the three kings of the United Kingdom of Israel and those of its successor states, Israel and Judah, followed in the Second Temple period, part of classical antiquity, by the kingdoms ruled by the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties.

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Coronation of David, as depicted in the Paris Psalter.

The Hebrew Bible describes a succession of kings of a United Kingdom of Israel, and then of divided kingdoms, Israel and Judah.[1]

In contemporary scholarship, the united monarchy is debated, due to a lack of archaeological evidence for it. It is generally accepted that a "House of David" existed, but some scholars believe that David could have only been the king or chieftain of Judah, which was likely small, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. There are some dissenters to this view, including those who support the traditional narrative, and those who support the united monarchy's existence but believe that the Bible contains theological exaggerations.[2][3][4][5]

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Overview tables

Kings and prophets

Table: kings and prophets
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This table describes the kings, their parents, age they lived, the prophets who influenced them, and the emperors they encountered in battle.

Diagrams, Saul to Zedekiah

Summary diagram
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Family tree
Saul
King of the United Monarchy: r. 1050–1012 BCE
Eshbaal (Ishbosheth)
King of the United Monarchy: r. 1012–1010 BCE
BathshebaDavid
King of the United Monarchy: r. 1010–970 BCE
Maacah
NaamahSolomon
King of the United Monarchy: r. 970–931 BCE
AbsalomJeroboam
King of Israel: r. 931–910 BCE
Rehoboam
King of Judah: r. 931–913 BCE
UrielNadab
King of Israel: r. 910–909 BCE
Baasha
King of Israel: r. 909–886 BCE
Maacah
Queen Mother of Judah: r. 910–895 BCE
Elah
King of Israel: r. 886–885 BCE
?Abijam
King of Judah: r. 913–910 BCE
Zimri
King of Israel: r. 885 BCE
Asa
King of Judah: r. 910–870 BCE
AzubahOmri
King of Israel: r. 884–874 BCE
Jehoshaphat
King of Judah: r. 870–849 BCE
JezebelAhab
King of Israel: r. 871–852 BCE
Jehoram
King of Judah: r. 849–842 BCE
Athaliah
Queen of Judah: r. 842–835 BCE
Joram
King of Israel: r. 849–837 BCE
Ahaziah
King of Israel: r. 850–849 BCE
Jehu
King of Israel: r. 840—814 BCE
Ahaziah
King of Judah: r. 842–841 BCE
ZibiahJehoshebaJehoiadaJehoahaz
King of Israel: r. 814—798 BCE
Jehoash
King of Judah: r. 836–796 BCE
JehoaddanJehoash
King of Israel: r. 798—782 BCE
Amaziah
King of Judah: r. 796–767 BCE
JecoliahAmozJeroboam II
King of Israel: r. 782—753 BCE
Uzziah
King of Judah: r. 783–742 BCE
JerushaIsaiahZechariah
King of Israel: r. 753—752 BCE
Shallum
King of Israel: r. 752 BCE
Menahem
King of Israel: r. 752—742 BCE
Jotham
King of Judah: r. 742–735 BCE
?Hephzibah
Pekahiah
King of Israel: r. 742—740 BCE
Pekah
King of Israel: r. 740—732 BCE
Ahaz
King of Judah: r. 732–716 BCE
AbijahHoshea
King of Israel: r. 732–721 BCE
Hezekiah
King of Judah: r. 716–687 BCE
Manasseh
King of Judah: r. 697–643 BCE
Meshullemeth
Amon
King of Judah: r. 643–610 BCE
Jedidah
Josiah
King of Judah: r. 640–609 BCE
Jehoiakim
King of Judah: r. 609–598 BCE
NehushtaJehoahaz
King of Judah: r. 609 BCE
Zedekiah
King of Judah: r. 596–586 BCE
Jehoiachin
King of Judah: r. 598–597 BCE
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Abimelech, son of Gideon

House of Saul

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Saul and David by Rembrandt

According to the Bible, the Tribes of Israel lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called judges. In around 1020 BCE, under extreme threat from foreign peoples, the tribes united to form the first United Kingdom of Israel. Samuel anointed Saul from the Tribe of Benjamin as the first king.

  • Saul (1020–1000 BCE) or (1040-1000 BCE)
  • Ish-bosheth (Esbaal) (1000–998 BCE)

House of David: united monarchy

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The Tel Dan Stele with reference to the "House of David"
More information Albright, Thiele ...
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Separation into two kingdoms

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After the death of king Solomon the United Kingdom of Israel was divided in two – the northern Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam, with its capital, first in Shechem, then Penuel, Tirzah, and finally Samaria, and ruled by a series of dynasties beginning with Jeroboam; and the southern Kingdom of Judah with its capital still in Jerusalem and ruled by the House of David. Under Hezekiah's rule in the Kingdom of Judah, the Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered and destroyed the northern kingdom 722 BCE leaving only the southern kingdom of Judah.

The Bible judges all kings of Israel and Judah by their attitude towards Hashem's Torah, and on this basis they all belong to one of the categories: the good kings, the bad kings, and the kings who acted both good as well as bad.[7]

All kings of Israel are considered to be bad, except of Jehu who is considered to have acted both good, since he is credited with the suppression of a cult of Baal,[8] as well as bad, since he failed to suppress a cult of golden calves in Bethel and Dan.[9]

Amongst kings of Judah, five of them are judged to have acted good throughout their reign: Asa, Jehoshaphat, Jotham, Hezekiah, and Josiah, whereas Jehoash, Amaziah, Uzziah and Manasseh are all described as kings who acted good as well as bad during their reign. The remaining monarchs are considered to have acted bad throughout their reign.

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Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)

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More information Albright, Thiele ...
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Kingdom of Judah

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More information Albright, Thiele ...
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Hasmonean Dynasty

More information Dates, Common name ...
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Herodian Dynasty

Family Tree

Family tree (Hasmonean-Herodian)
Phinehas
(H)asmon/Hasmonaeus
Shimon
ben Asmon
Yochanan
ben Shimon
Mattathias ben Yochanan
John GaddiSimon Thassi
Prince of
Judaea

r. 141–135 BCE
Judas
Maccabeus
Eleazar
Avaran
Jonathan Apphus
John
Hyrcanus I

Prince of
Judaea

r. 134–104 BCE
Aristobulus I
King of
Judaea

r. 104–103 BCE
Alexander
Jannaeus

King of
Judaea

r. 103–76 BCE
Salome
Alexandra

Queen of
Judaea

r. 76–67 BCE
Absalom
ben Yochanan
John
Hyrcanus II

King of
Judaea

r. 67–66 BCE
Aristobulus II
King of
Judaea

r. 66–63 BCE
Salome
bat Absalom
Alexandra II
bat Hyrcanus II
Alexander IIAntigonus II
Mattathias

King of
Judaea

r. 40–37 BCE
MalthaceCleopatra
of Jerulasem
Herod
the Great

King of
Judaea

r. 37–4 BCE
Mariamne I
Herod
Antipas

Tetrarch
of Galilee

r. 4 BCE – 39 CE
Herod
Archelaus

Ethnarch
of Judaea

r. 4 BCE - 6 CE
Philip the
Tetrarch

Tetrarch
of Batanea

r. 4 BCE – 34 CE
Aristobulus IV
Herod V
King of
Chalcis

r. 41–48 CE
Herod Agrippa
King of Batanaea
r. 37–41 CE
King of Judea
r. 41–44 CE
Aristobulus
Tetrarch of
Chalcis

r. 57–92 CE
Herod
Agrippa II

King of
Batanaea

r. 53–100 CE

See also

References

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