La Boudeuse (painting)

La Boudeuse is the modern title^[a] given to an oil on canvas painting in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, by the French Rococo painter Antoine Watteau (1684–1721). Completed in the late 1710s, La Boudeuse depicts a young couple set amidst a park in the foreground, in a rare example of the two-figure landscape composition which is considered one of the best fêtes galantes in Watteau's later work. However, the picture's authenticity was also a subject of scholarly debate, for it had been engraved by English painter Philippe Mercier, once a follower of Watteau, and was not included in Jean de Jullienne's edition of Watteau's work published in the 1730s.

La Boudeuse
Artist	Antoine Watteau
Year	Between 1715 and 1718 See § Dating
Catalogue	G 114; DV 303; R 101; HA 220; EC 116; F B24; RM 163; RT 44
Medium	oil on canvas
Dimensions	42 cm × 34 cm (17 in × 13 in)
Location	Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
Accession	ГЭ-4120

Since the mid-18th century, La Boudeuse was among collections formed by the British statesman Robert Walpole, and later by his son, the writer Horace Walpole; until the sale of 1842, it was located in Horace Walpole's estate, Strawberry Hill House. Following a number of sales in the middle of the 19th century, the painting came into possession of prominent Russian art collector, Count Pavel Stroganov [ru]; after the Revolution of 1917, La Boudeuse was transferred into the Hermitage Museum, where it remains.

Provenance

The painting's known provenance, researched since the 1960s in the West and Russia respectively,^[b] establishes that after Watteau's death, La Boudeuse was already in England, owned by London-based dealer Salomon Gautier, a close acquaintance of Roger de Piles; in the 1726 sale catalogue of Gautier's collection, La Boudeuse appears to be the painting under lot 34 described as "a Man and a Woman sitting, Watteau."^[13] Some time later, after 1736,^[14] La Boudeuse came into possession of Sir Robert Walpole, the first British Prime Minister; as part of the Walpole collection, the painting probably hung either in the home of the Prime Minister at 10 Downing Street or in the Walpoles' country estate at Houghton Hall.^[15] Upon Robert Walpole's death in 1745, his collections, except those at Houghton Hall, were put on a sale in London in 1748; La Boudeuse was lot 52 on day two of the sale, when it was bought back by Sir Robert Walpole's son, the writer Horace Walpole, who paid three pounds, three shillings.^[16] La Boudeuse soon entered the holdings of Horace' estate, Strawberry Hill House. In Strawberry Hill House, the painting was present in the Tribune (also called the Cabinet), notably depicted in watercolours by John Carter and Edward Edwards; it has also been mentioned in Walpole's A Description of the Villa, having the same description as in the 1726 sale catalogue.^[17]

La Boudeuse as it appears in Room 284 of the Hermitage contemporary exhibition, the former second room of military pictures of the Winter Palace

La Boudeuse formed part of the Strawberry Hill collection until 1842, when it has been dispersed in the month-long "Great Sale"; on the 13th day of the sale, a certain Emery, who lived in London at 5 Bury Street, bought La Boudeuse for thirty nine guineas.^[18] Not long after, it came into possession of Charles de Morny, the half-brother of the future Emperor Napoleon III. After a decade in the comte de Morny's collection, the painting — now known as La Conversation — was sold at auction for 1,700 francs on 24 May 1852 to the certain Henri Didier, who, in turn, didn't kept the picture for long; it then passed to Charles de Ferrol, a Parisian dealer who similarly had the painting for a brief time and sold it at auction for 2,600 francs on 22 January 1856.^[19]

Some time after Ferrol's sale, La Boudeuse belonged to the comte de Morny's agent Jean-Jacques Meffre (1804–1865), from whom it has been bought for 5,000 francs in 1859 by Russian noble Pavel Stroganov [ru];^[20] along with other items, La Boudeuse was first presented to the Russian public on an exhibition organised by Stroganov in 1861 at the Imperial Academy of Arts, Saint Petersburg.^[21] As part of Stroganov's collection, La Boudeuse — described as Scéne champêtre in the collection inventory compiled by Meffre and Gustav Friedrich Waagen^[22] — was placed in his mansion in Saint Petersburg at Sergievskaya Street, present in the Green Drawing Room, a reception room at the mansion's upper floor where the collection's most notable items were also held;^[23] in an 1875 essay on Stroganov's mansion, the writer Dmitry Grigorovich — a close friend and advisor of Stroganov — refers to La Boudeuse as "a declaration of love in the garden."^[24] La Boudeuse was the sole Watteau painting in Pavel Stroganov's collection, and so was in the larger Stroganov family collection.^[25]

In his will, Stroganov wished to pass La Boudeuse, among other pieces, to his younger brother Grigory [ru], but the latter died in 1910, before the will could be properly executed; after Pavel Stroganov's death in 1911, his collection at Sergievskaya Street was succeeded by a grandnephew, Prince Georgy Shcherbatov (1896–1976).^[26] Some time later, possibly during 1917, it was relocated into the Stroganovs' main residence, the Stroganov Palace at the intersection of the Moika River and Nevsky Prospect. Following the revolution that year, the Stroganov collections were nationalised; the Stroganov Palace was reformed into a state museum, with La Boudeuse forming its part. Following theft attempts in Winter 1919–1920, a number of paintings, including La Boudeuse, have been transferred into the Hermitage Museum out of security concerns. Initially a temporary decision, the transfer turned out to be a permanent one, following the shutdown of the Stroganov Palace as museum in the late 1920s.^[27] Since then, La Boudeuse forms part of the Hermitage Museum permanent exhibition; it is on view in Room 284, formerly the second room of military pictures in the Winter Palace.^[28]

Dating

In the 1912 album and catalogue, the German historian Ernst Heinrich Zimmermann [de] attributed La Boudeuse to ca. 1716–1718, placing it in relation to two versions of The Embarkation for Cythera.^[29] In the 1950s, Jacques Mathey has dated it c. 1715, placing to the same year with The Embarrassing Proposal.^[30] Nemilova dated the painting ca. 1718 on stylistic grounds; given its provenance within the Walpoles' collections, Nemilova and other, notably Russian, critics speculated that Watteau might have painted it some time before or during his English trip, usually dated ca. 1719–1720; on that ground, Yuri Zolotov [ru] preferred a c. 1720 dating.^[31] In a 1968 catalogue raisonné, Ettore Camesasca [pt] places La Boudeuse to c. 1715, while not accepting Watteau's authorship;^[32] later in 1980, Marianne Roland Michel attributed it to ca. 1715–1716.^[33] Rosenberg has attributed the painting to c. 1717, yet found Nemilova's dating quite convincing.^[34] Later authors, such as Renaud Temperini^[35] and Guillaume Glorieux,^[36] attribute the painting to ca. 1715–1717 and c. 1715, respectively.

Related works

Watteau's paintings and drawing

There are two surviving works by Watteau which have been compared to La Boudeuse, The Feast of Love, now in the Alte Meister Gallery, Dresden, and The Pleasures of the Ball, now in the Dulwich Gallery, London. In The Feast of Love, a male figure appears to fully repeat that found on the Hermitage painting, save for his clothes' colour;^[37] there is also a similar character in Entretiens amoureux, a presumably lost painting known through a print by Jean-Michel Liotard, the twin brother of prominent pastelist Jean-Étienne Liotard.^[38] In The Pleasures of the Ball, a woman is shown wearing a black gown with the long slashed slevees.^[39]

The only one drawing by Watteau that has been associated with La Boudeuse is a red chalk study of the man's head wearing a beret (PM 749; RP 332), dated c. 1715, and now located in the Louvre.^[40] In Parker and Mathey's catalogue, the drawing was considered to be a preliminary study for both La Boudeuse and The Feast of Love,^[41] but Nemilova dismissed that opinion, saying that the Louvre drawing is not related with the Hermitage painting in any way;^[42] similarly, National Gallery of Art curator Margaret Grasselli questioned if the drawing could be related to the Dresden painting.^[43] Rosenberg, who did not consider the drawing to be "a true preparatory study in the strict sense of the term", only related the drawing with The Feast of Love;^[34] in a 1996 catalogue raisonné, he and Louis-Antoine Prat also concluded the drawing to be barely related to the painting, given the sitter's youthful appearance, different from that on the painting.^[44] In A Watteau Abecedario, Eidelberg stated that the sheet was trimmed on at least three sides, and presumed that the drawing was part of a larger study which could contain other studies from the same model, so the differences between the present drawing and the painted figure — the beret and feather are at a slightly different angle in the painting, and less of the left cheek is visible — can be explained.^[45]

• 
  Watteau, Study of a Man's Head, c. 1715, red chalk on paper, Louvre, Paris
• 
  Watteau, detail of The Feast of Love, c. 1716–1718, oil on canvas, Alte Meister Gallery, Dresden
• 
  Watteau, detail of The Pleasures of the Ball, c. 1716–1718, oil on canvas, Dulwich Gallery, London
• 
  Jean-Michel Liotard after Watteau, detail of Entretiens amoureux, 1731, etching, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Geneva

Philippe Mercier's print and attribution debate

La Boudeuse was etched by English painter Philippe Mercier c. 1725.^[46] Pierre-Jean Mariette, who knew the print, gives a mention of it in his manuscripts: "Une femme assise dans un jardin ayant derrière elle, un homme qui lui parle, gravé par Pierre [sic] de Mercier."^[47] Like others etchings by Mercier after Watteau, La Boudeuse was not featured in the Recueil Jullienne, — though some authors claimed the contrary^[48] — possibly out of commercial reasons.^[49]

Mercier, whose early art has been influenced by that of Watteau following their acquaintance in the late 1710s, produced his own fêtes galantes based on Watteau's inventions. In the four-volume study of prints after Watteau's paintings published by Émile Dacier [fr] and Albert Vuaflart in the 1920s, it has been discovered that some etchings by Mercier, published as they were after Watteau, has actually been produced after Mercier's own inventions. Following this discovery, La Boudeuse, which authenticity was not previously questioned mostly due to its obscurity,^[50] was attributed to Mercier by Vuaflart and Jacques Herold, who claimed that Mercier copied figures from another composition by Watteau, Les Agrémens de l'esté.^[51][49]

Vuaflart and Herold's attribution, as well as poor quality of reproductions in Zimmermann's 1912 album,^[52] caused a scholarly debate, with some of Watteau scholars — including Robert Rey,^[53] Hélène Adhémar,^[54] and Ettore Camesasca^[55] — having adopted it, while the most of them — including Gilbert W. Barker,^[56] Hans Vollmer,^[57]: 193 Charles Sterling,^[58] Jacques Mathey,^[59] and Inna Nemilova.^[60] — stayed at the traditional attribution.^[61] Though Eidelberg's analysis of the painting, along with tracing its provenance, also confirmed Watteau's authorship on stylistic grounds,^[38] there were some reservations, notably from Jean Ferré, Robert Raines,^[62] and Donald Posner^[63] who proposed the painting to be a collaboration of Watteau and Mercier at best, with the latter responsible for the figures.^[64]

Exhibition history

List of exhibitions featuring the work

Year	Title	Location	Cat. no.
1861	Выставка картин и редких произведений художества, принадлежащих членам императорской фамилии и частным лицам	Imperial Academy of Arts, Saint Petersburg	119[21]
1922–1925	Temporary exhibition of new acquisition from French painting of the 17th and 18th centuries	Hermitage Museum, Petrograd (later Leningrad)	*[65]
1955	An Exhibition of French Art of the 15th-20th Centuries	Pushkin Museum, Moscow	*[66]
1956	An Exhibition of French Art of the 12th-20th Centuries	Hermitage Museum, Leningrad	*[67]
1964	La femme et l'artiste	Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, Bordeaux	98
1969	French Art from the Hermitage	Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest	25
1972	Watteau and His Time	Hermitage Museum, Leningrad	8[68]: 734
	Meisterwerke aus der Ermitage Leningrad und aus dem Puschkin-Museum, Moskau	Albertinum, Dresden	48
1979	Old Master Paintings from the USSR	National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney	39
1984	Антуан Ватто. 300 лет со дня рождения	Hermitage Museum, Leningrad	*[69]
1984–1985	Watteau 1684–1721	National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris; Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin	P. 46[70]
1988	French Paintings from the USSR	National Gallery, London	1[11]
2000	Stroganoff: The Palace and Collections of a Russian Noble Family	Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon; Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas	133[71]
2003–2004	The Stroganoffs: Patrons and Collectors	Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg	153[72]
2004	Watteau et la fête galante	Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes, Valenciennes	43[73]
2006–2007	The Triumph of Eros: Art and Seduction in 18th-Century France	Hermitage Rooms, Somerset House, London	88[74]
2010	Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill	Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut	192[75]
2013	Antoine Watteau (1684-1721): La leçon de musique	Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels	9[76]
2019	A Forgotten Russian Patron: The Collection of Count Pavel Sergeevich Stroganov	Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg	68[77]
General references: Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 355, Nemilova 1985b, p. 456, Eidelberg 2016. "*" denotes an unnumbered entry.

Notes

1. As common case within Watteau's body of work, the painting has no author title, and so has not Philippe Mercier's etching. The traditional French title, La Boudeuse, was first applied to Mercier's etching in Gilbert Paignon-Dijonval's [fr] collection inventory, compiled by Pieri Benard in 1810;^[1] however, this name was not used in 19th-century sources in relation to either the painting or the etching,^[2] until it came into general use following the publication of Edmond de Goncourt's 1875 catalogue raisonné.^[3][4] The contemporary Russian title, Капризница, came into use as far as the 1930s;^[5] it has been said to be an 18th-century Russian translation of the original French term.^[6] In English sources, the painting has been variously referred to as The Pouting Girl,^[7]: 186 The Sulking Woman,^[8] The Capricious Girl,^[9] The Capricious Woman,^[10] and Woman Sulking.^[11]
2. The relation of La Boudeuse to the Walpoles' collections in England was discovered by Soviet art historian Vladimir Levinson-Lessing [ru].^[12] In the West, an extensive account on the painting's provenance was given in American scholar Martin Eidelberg's 1969 article published in The Burlington Magazine.^[8] Further research on the painting's history within the Stroganov family collection was undertaken in the 1990s and 2000s.