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List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene
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This is a list of Hawaiian animal species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

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Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
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The O‘ahu ‘ō‘ō (Moho apicalis) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.

The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.[2]

The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.[3] Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have been uncertain,[4] but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled by humans roughly between 1219 and 1266 CE.[3] In 1778, British explorer James Cook became the first recorded European to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[5]

Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,[6] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[7] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[8]

This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian Poi Dog. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

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Mammals (class Mammalia)

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

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Birds (class Aves)

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

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Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

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Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae)

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Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

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Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

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Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

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Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

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Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

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Extinct in the wild, crows and relatives (family Corvidae)
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Reed warblers (family Acrocephalidae)

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Hawaiian honeyeaters (family Mohoidae)

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Thrushes (family Turdidae)

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Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae)
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True finches (family Fringillidae)

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Possibly extinct, true finches (family Fringillidae)
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Incertae familiae

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Insects (class Insecta)

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)

Narrow-winged damselflies (family Coenagrionidae)

Possibly extinct
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Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera)

True crickets (family Gryllidae)

Extinct in the wild
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True bugs (order Hemiptera)

Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae)

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Beetles (order Coleoptera)

True weevils (family Curculionidae)

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Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Pyralid moths (family Pyralidae)

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Owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

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Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
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Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
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Geometer moths (family Geometridae)

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True flies (order Diptera)

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

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Fruit flies and relatives (family Drosophilidae)

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Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Achatinellidae

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Family Amastridae

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Family Pupillidae

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See also

Notes

  1. The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
  3. This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
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References

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