List of concurrent and parallel programming languages

This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).

The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.

Dataflow programming

CAL
E (also object-oriented)
Joule (also distributed)
LabVIEW (also synchronous, also object-oriented)
Lustre (also synchronous)
Preesm (also synchronous)
Signal (also synchronous)
SISAL
BMDFM

Message passing

Ateji PX - An extension of Java with parallel primitives inspired from pi-calculus.
Rust^[4]
Smalltalk^[5]^{: p.17 Part IV, see table following fig. 11–29}

Actor model

Axum - a domain-specific language being developed by Microsoft.
Dart - using Isolates
Elixir (runs on BEAM, the Erlang virtual machine)
Erlang
Pony
Janus
Red
SALSA
Scala/Akka (toolkit)
Smalltalk
Akka.NET
LabVIEW - LabVIEW Actor Framework

CSP-based

Alef
Crystal^[6]
Ease
FortranM
Go
JCSP
JoCaml
Joyce
Limbo (also distributed)
Newsqueak
Occam
Occam-π – a derivative of Occam that integrates features from the pi-calculus
PyCSP
SuperPascal
XC – a C-based language, integrating features from Occam, developed by XMOS

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List of concurrent and parallel programming languages

Coordination languages

Dataflow programming

Distributed computing

Event-driven and hardware description

Functional programming

Logic programming

Monitor-based

Multi-threaded

Object-oriented programming

Partitioned global address space (PGAS)

Message passing

Actor model

CSP-based

APIs/frameworks

See also

References

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