List of countries by population in 1800

This is a list of countries by population in 1800. Estimate numbers are from the beginning of the year, and exact population figures are for countries that were having a census in the year 1800 (which were on various dates in that year). The bulk of these numbers are sourced from Alexander V. Avakov's Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1, pages 21 to 24, which cover population figures from the year 1800 divided into modern borders. Avakov, in turn, cites a variety of sources, mostly Angus Maddison. Italian sub figures are derived from elsewhere.^[1] Other figures come from Jan Lahmeyer's website,^[2] which in turn is based on a variety of sources.^[3]

Historical demographics
Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus
Articles
Demographic history
Historical demography Classical · Medieval
World population estimates
List of countries by population
1700	1800	1900

List

Rank	Country/Territory	Population c. 1800	Percentage of World Population
–	World	1,035,908,890	–
1	Qing China[2] subdivisions China Proper – 297,623,950 Taiwan – 2,000,000 Mongolia – 619,000[4] Xinjiang – 475,000[5] Hong Kong – 20,000	300,150,000	29.0%
2	Maratha Confederacy[6][note 1]	~116,000,000	~11.2%
3	Britain and possessions[7][2][8][note 2] subdivisions Kingdom of Great Britain[9][10] – 10,481,401 British East India Company[11] – 30,765,640 constituents Bengal Presidency – 28,796,640 Northern Circars – ? Kingdom of Mysore – 1,969,000 Hyderabad State – ? Kingdom of Ireland – 5,200,000 Cape Colony (occupied by British forces) – 1,550,000 British Caribbean – 436,643 constituents Jamaica – 250,000 Barbados – 81,000 Guyana – 50,000 Grenada – 20,000 Trinidad & Tobago – 17,643 The Bahamas – 8,000 Canada (Upper & Lower) – 300,000 Surinam (occupied by British forces) – 54,000 Belize – 15,000 Gibraltar – 5,339 Australia – 5,200[12][13][note 3] Bermuda – 4,000 Hannover – ~16,470	~49,907,000	~4.7%
4	Holy Roman Empire[14] subdivisions Bohemian Crown – 5,516,000 Archduchy of Austria and related territories – 3,370,000 Electorate of Bavaria – 3,200,000 Margraviate of Brandenburg – 1,500,000 Duchy of Württemberg – 1,350,000 Duchy of Milan – 1,100,000[15] Electorate of Saxony – 1,050,000 Grand Duchy of Tuscany – 1,000,000 Margraviate of Baden – 912,000 Duchy of Styria – 912 ,000 Hanover – 777,000 Thuringian states – 612,000 County of Tyrol – 610,000 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – 520,000 Duchy of Parma – 500,000 Duchy of Carniola – 400,000 Duchy of Modena and Reggio – 350,000 Duchy of Holstein – 350,000 Prince-Bishopric of Münster – 350,000 Electorate of Mainz – 336,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 318,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 300,000 Nassau – 270,000 Duchy of Magdeburg – 269,000 Austrian Silesia – 250,000 Bishopric of Würzburg – 250,000 Electorate of Trier – 240,000 Electorate of Cologne – 238,000 Electoral Palatinate – 228,000 Archbishopric of Salzburg- 220,000 Duchy of Oldenburg – 159,000 Hamburg – 150,000 Principality of Reuss Elder Line – 76,308 Principality of Lippe – 70,540 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – 70,000 Anhalt-Dessau – 52,000 Arenberg – 48,000 Free City of Lübeck – 45,000 Imperial Free City of Trieste – 40,000 Anhalt-Bernburg – 35,000 Anhalt-Köthen – 33,000 Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe – 20,132 Liechtenstein – 5,400 Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ? Saxe-Lauenburg – ? Hesse-Homburg – ? Schleswig – ? Bishopric of Lübeck – ? Principality of Ansbach – 215,000	~41,050,000	~4.0%
5	France and possessions[16][2] subdivisions French Republic – 26,758,000 Belgium – 4,000,000 Subalpine Republic – 2,661,000 Ligurian Republic – 2,011,000 Helvetic Republic – 1,600,000 Cisalpine Republic – 1,300,000 Saint-Domingue – 657,000 French India – 175,000 Luxembourg – 140,000 Mauritius[8] – 70,000 Malta – 60,000 Louisiana – 44,116 French Guiana – 14,500 Principality of Andorra – 5,000 Saint Pierre and Miquelon – ?	~39,600,000	~3.8%
6	Russian Empire[2] subdivisions Russia – 21,248,000 Ukraine[note 4] – 7,800,000 Russian Poland – 1,200,000 Governorate of Livonia and Courland Governorate – 725,000 Governorate of Estonia – 650,000 Grand Duchy of Lithuania – 600,000 Septinsular Republic – 120,000 Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti – 320,000	35,005,000	3.4%
7	Tokugawa Japan[2]	29,000,000	2.8%
8	Spain and possessions[2][17] subdivisions Kingdom of Spain – 10,541,000 New Spain – 5,945,000 New Granada – 2,300,000 Río de la Plata – 2,082,000 Philippines – 1,800,000 Peru – 1,400,000 Chile – 800,000 Guatemala – 425,000 Cuba – 300,000 Puerto Rico – 136,000 Louisiana – 44,116 Yucatán – ? Provincias Internas – ?	26,500,000	2.6%
9	Ottoman Empire[2][18] subdivisions Anatolia – 8,400,000 Egypt Eyalet – ~4,000,000[19] -[20] 4,394,000[4] Beylik of Tunis – ? Ottoman Algeria – 3,000,000[21] Bulgaria – 2,700,000 Ottoman Tripolitania – ? Iraq- ? Greece – 500,000 Habesh Eyalet – ? Serbia – ? Syria – ? Sidon Eyalet – ? Albania – ? Palestine – 250,000 Cyprus – ? Bosnia – ? Crete – ? Childir Eyalet – ? vassal states Principality of Wallachia – 1,000,000[22] Principality of Moldavia - 900,000[22] Kingdom of Imereti – 200,000 Principality of Mingrelia – 110,000 Principality of Abkhazia – 65,000 Principality of Guria – 30,000 Septinsular Republic – ?	26,000,000	2.5%
10	Habsburg monarchy[2] subdivisions Archduchy of Austria – 1,820,000 Kingdom of Hungary – 6,300,000 Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – 3,900,000 Kingdom of Bohemia – 2,810,000 Venetian Province – 1,845,000 Principality of Transylvania – 1,500,000 Margraviate of Moravia – 1,260,000 Duchy of Styria – 800,000 County of Tyrol – 610,000 Military Frontier – 565,000 Kingdom of Croatia – 400,000 Duchy of Carniola – 400,000 Duchy of Carinthia – 300,000 Dalmatia – 300,000 Austrian Silesia – 250,000 Duchy of Bukovina – 130,000 Imperial Free City of Trieste – 40,000 Kingdom of Slavonia – 285,000 County of Gorizia and Gradisca – 120,000	23,145,000	2.2%
11	Joseon[23]	~18,500,000	~1.8%
12	Sikh Empire[24]	12,000,000	1.2%
13	Kingdom of Prussia subdivisions Margraviate of Brandenburg – 1,500,000	10,700,000 [citation needed]	1.1%
14	Carnatic Sultanate[25]	10,000,000	1%
15	Durrani Afghan Empire[7]	9,780,000	0.9%
16	Portuguese Empire[2] subdivisions Kingdom of Portugal – 2,970,000 Viceroyalty of Brazil – 3,600,000 Mozambique – 1,250,000 Angola – 1,010,000 Timor – 300,000 Portuguese India – 210,000 constituents Goa – ? Dadra and Nagar Haveli – ? Cape Verde – ? Guinea – ? Portuguese Macau – ?	~9,400,000	~0.9%
17	Tây Sơn dynasty (Đại Việt)[26]	7,291,000	0.7%
18	Kingdom of Naples[16] subdivisions Kingdom of Naples – 5,000,000 Kingdom of Sicily – 1,700,000	7,000,000	0.7%
19	Batavian Republic subdivisions Batavian Republic – 1,850,000 Dutch East Indies – 4,200,000 Dutch Gold Coast – ? Curaçao and Dependencies – ? Aruba – ? Dutch Bengal – ? Dutch Suratte – ? Dutch Coromandel – ?	~6,050,000	~0.6%
20	Qajar Iran[27]	6,010,000	0.6%
21	United States of America[28]	5,509,879	0.5%
22	Morocco[7]	5,000,000	0.3%
23	Konbaung dynasty (Burma)[29]	4,200,000	0.4%
24	Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam)[30][31]	4,050,000[note 5]	0.1%-0.4%
25	Talpur Sindh[32]	4,000,000	0.4%
26	Sweden[33]	3,347,000	0.3%
27	Kazakh Khanate[34]	2,985,000	0.3%
28	Ethiopian Empire[35]	2,950,000	0.3%
29	Kingdom of Sardinia	2,900,000[1]	0.30%
30	Papal States[36]	2,300,000	0.2%
31	Denmark–Norway[33][2] subdivisions Denmark – 929,000 Norway- 883,000 Holstein – 350,000 Iceland- 46,000 Danish West Indies – 40,000 Greenland – 5,000 Schleswig – ? Danish India – ?	~2,200,000	~0.2%
32	Oyo Empire[37][38][note 6]	~2,175,016	0.2%
33	Emirate of Diriyah[7] subdivisions Trucial Sheiks – 41,000	2,132,000	0.2%
34	Cambodia[7]	2,090,000	0.2%
35	Southern Vietnam under Nguyễn Ánh[39]	1,770,000	0.2%
36	Grand Duchy of Tuscany[16]	1,224,000	0.13%
37	Emirate of Bukhara[40]	1,200,000	0.12%
38	Parma[16]	415,000	0.042%
39	Sultanate of Oman[7] subdivisions Oman – 300,000 Bahrain – 63,000	363,000	0.037%
40	Aro Confederacy[37][41][note 7]	~349,081	0.036%
41	Ankole[42][note 8]	205,800	0.021%
42	Ryukyu Kingdom[43] (Japanese vassal)	155,650	0.016%
43	Hawaiian Kingdom[note 9]	145,000 (est.)[44][note 10]	0.015%
44	Republic of Lucca[16]	120,000	0.012%
45	Republic of Ragusa[2]	30,000	0.012%
46	Dendi Kingdom[42][note 11]	~17,243	0.0018%
47	Kingdom of Tahiti[note 12]	16,000[46][note 13]	0.0016%
48	Qatar[7]	14,000	0.0014%
49	Liechtenstein	5,800[47]	0.00059%
50	San Marino	5,490[47]	0.00056%
51	Andorra	2,650[47]	0.00027%

Note

The aggregate populations will exceed the total population because some states existed in multiple entities. For example, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy had holdings that were also part of the Holy Roman Empire (though not all of the Prussian and Habsburg territories shared this aspect). In another case, the province of Wallachia was a vassal of the Ottoman sultan, but also a tributary of the Russian Empire.

See also

• List of countries by population
• List of countries by population in 1700
• List of countries by population in 1900
• List of countries by population in 2000
• List of countries by population in 2005

Notes

1. In 1800 the Maratha Confederacy controlled roughly 2,500,000 km² of land, or 56% of the Indian subcontinent, which had a population of 207 million at the time according to Mahalanobis and Bhattacharya.
2. Several territories were under the rule of the British East India Company rather than being directly controlled by the British government. London would not directly manage the Indian princely states until 1858
3. This estimation of population excludes Aboriginal Australians who were not included in estimations of populations until 1967.
4. Left-bank Ukraine and Right-bank Ukraine included.
5. 1800 (Lieberman)/Early 19th century (Baker-Phongpaichit).
6. In 2021, the Yoruba population was estimated to make up 17.9% of the Nigerian population. In 1800, the population of Nigeria was 12.1 million, and 17.9% of that rounds to 2,175,016.
7. In 2006, the Aro population was estimated to make up 2.9% of the Nigerian population. In 1800, the population of Nigeria was 12.1 million, and 2.9% of that rounds to 349,081.
8. Today, the Ankole population is estimated to make up 9.8% of the Ugandan population. In 1800, the population of Uganda was 2.1 million, and 9.8% of that is 205,800.
9. Hawaii adopted the British Red Ensign as an independent nation from 1793 to 1800.
10. 1819 estimate
11. Today, the Dendi population is estimated to make up 0.02% of the African population. In 1800, the population of Africa was 85,589,000, and 9.8% of that rounds to 17,243.
12. Tahiti did not have a national flag until 1822.^[45]
13. 1797 estimate