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List of chemical elements

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).[1]

The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements, whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding developments of modern chemistry. It is a tabular arrangement of the elements by their chemical properties that usually uses abbreviated chemical symbols in place of full element names, but the linear list format presented here is also useful. Like the periodic table, the list below organizes the elements by the number of protons in their atoms; it can also be organized by other properties, such as atomic weight, density, and electronegativity. For more detailed information about the origins of element names, see List of chemical element name etymologies.

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List

More information Z, Sym. ...
  1. Standard atomic weight or Ar°(E)
    • '1.0080': abridged value, uncertainty ignored here
    • '[97]', [ ] notation: mass number of most stable isotope
  2. Values in ( ) brackets are predictions
  3. Density (sources)
  4. Melting point in kelvin (K) (sources)
  5. Boiling point in kelvin (K) (sources)
  6. Heat capacity (sources)
  7. Electronegativity by Pauling (source)
  8. Primordial (=Earth's origin), from decay, or synthetic
  9. Phase at Standard state (25°C [77°F], 100 kPa)
  10. Greek roots hydro- + -gen, 'water-forming'
  11. Greek hḗlios 'sun'
  12. Melting point: helium does not solidify at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atm.
  13. Greek líthos 'stone'
  14. Beryl, mineral (ultimately after Belur, Karnataka, India?)[4]
  15. Borax, mineral (from Arabic: bawraq, Middle Persian: *bōrag)
  16. Latin carbo 'coal'
  17. Greek nítron + -gen, 'niter-forming'
  18. Greek oxy- + -gen, 'acid-forming'
  19. Latin fluo 'to flow'
  20. Greek néon 'new'
  21. Coined by Humphry Davy who first isolated it, from English soda (specifically caustic soda), via Italian from Arabic ṣudāʕ 'headache'
  22. Magnesia region, eastern Thessaly, Greece
  23. Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis) 'bitter salt, alum'
  24. Latin silex 'flint' (originally silicium)
  25. Greek phōsphóros 'light-bearing'
  26. Latin
  27. Greek chlōrós 'greenish yellow'
  28. Greek argós 'idle' (it is inert)
  29. Neo-Latin potassa 'potash', from pot + ash
  30. Latin calx 'lime'
  31. Latin Scandia 'Scandinavia'
  32. Titans, children of Gaia and Ouranos
  33. Vanadis, a name for Norse goddess Freyja
  34. Greek chróma 'colour'
  35. Corrupted from magnesia negra; see magnesium
  36. English, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom 'iron', from a root meaning 'blood'
  37. Nickel, a mischievous sprite in German miner mythology
  38. English, from Latin cuprum, after Cyprus
  39. Most likely German Zinke, 'prong, tooth', but some suggest Persian sang 'stone'
  40. Middle English, from Middle French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós 'masculine, virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Persian: *zarniya-ka, lit.'golden'
  41. Arsenic sublimes at 1 atmosphere pressure.
  42. Greek brômos 'stench'
  43. Greek kryptós 'hidden'
  44. Latin rubidus 'deep red'
  45. Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found
  46. Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see terbium, erbium, ytterbium
  47. Zircon, mineral, from Persian zargun 'gold-hued'
  48. Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus in Greek myth; see tantalum
  49. Greek molýbdaina 'piece of lead', from mólybdos 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS)
  50. Greek tekhnētós 'artificial'
  51. Neo-Latin Ruthenia 'Russia'
  52. Pallas, asteroid, then considered a planet
  53. English, from Proto-Germanic
  54. Neo-Latin cadmia 'calamine', from King Cadmus, mythic founder of Thebes
  55. Latin indicum 'indigo', the blue color named after India and observed in its spectral lines
  56. English, from Proto-Germanic
  57. Latin antimonium, of unclear origin: folk etymologies suggest Greek antí 'against' + mónos 'alone', or Old French anti-moine 'monk's bane', but could be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid 'antimony'
  58. Latin tellus 'ground, earth'
  59. French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs 'violet'
  60. Greek xénon, neuter of xénos 'strange, foreign'
  61. Latin caesius 'sky-blue'
  62. Greek barýs 'heavy'
  63. Greek lanthánein 'to lie hidden'
  64. Ceres (dwarf planet), then considered a planet
  65. Greek prásios dídymos 'green twin'
  66. Greek néos dídymos 'new twin'
  67. Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official
  68. Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist
  69. Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see yttrium, erbium, ytterbium
  70. Greek dysprósitos 'hard to get'
  71. Neo-Latin Holmia 'Stockholm'
  72. Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, ytterbium
  73. Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location
  74. Ytterby, where it was found; see yttrium, terbium, erbium
  75. Neo-Latin Hafnia 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn, harbor)
  76. King Tantalus, father of Niobe in Greek myth; see niobium
  77. Swedish tung sten 'heavy stone'
  78. Iris, Greek goddess of rainbow
  79. Spanish platina 'little silver', from plata 'silver'
  80. English, from same Proto-Indo-European root as 'yellow'
  81. Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
  82. Greek thallós 'green shoot / twig'
  83. English, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning 'flow'
  84. German Wismut, via Latin and Arabic from Greek psimúthion 'white lead'
  85. Latin Polonia 'Poland', home country of discoverer Marie Curie
  86. Greek ástatos 'unstable'; it has no stable isotopes
  87. Radium emanation, originally the name of 222Rn
  88. France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey
  89. Coined in French by discoverer Marie Curie, from Latin radius 'ray'
  90. Greek aktís 'ray'
  91. Thor, the Norse god of thunder
  92. English prefix proto- (from Greek prôtos 'first, before') + actinium; protactinium decays into actinium.
  93. Uranus, the seventh planet
  94. Neptune, the eighth planet
  95. Pluto, dwarf planet, then considered a planet
  96. Americas, where the element was first synthesized, by analogy with its homolog europium
  97. Pierre and Marie Curie, physicists and chemists
  98. Berkeley, California, where it was first synthesized
  99. California, where it was first synthesized in LBNL
  100. Albert Einstein, German physicist
  101. Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist
  102. Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table
  103. Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer
  104. Ernest Lawrence, American physicist
  105. Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand
  106. Dubna, Russia, where it was discovered in JINR
  107. Glenn Seaborg, American chemist
  108. Niels Bohr, Danish physicist
  109. Neo-Latin Hassia 'Hesse', a state in Germany
  110. Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist
  111. Darmstadt, Germany, where it was first synthesized in the GSI labs
  112. Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist
  113. Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer
  114. Japanese Nihon 'Japan', where it was first synthesized in Riken
  115. Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where it was synthesized; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist
  116. Moscow, Russia, where it was first synthesized in JINR
  117. Tennessee, US, home to ORNL
  118. Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist
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