List of glossing abbreviations

This article lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing of oral languages^{[nb 1]} in English.

The list provides conventional glosses as established by standard inventories of glossing abbreviations such as the Leipzig Glossing rules,^[2] the most widely known standard. Synonymous glosses are listed as alternatives for reference purposes. In a few cases, long and short standard forms are listed, intended for texts where that gloss is rare or uncommon.

Conventions

• Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning. Similarly, (small) cap -DOWN might be a locative suffix used in nominal inflections, prototypically indicating direction downward but possibly also used where it is not translatable as 'down' in English, whereas lower-case 'down' would be a direct English translation of a word meaning 'down'.^[3] Not all authors follow this convention.
• Person-number-gender is often further abbreviated, in which case the elements are not small caps. E.g. 3ms or 3msg for 3SG.M, 2fp or 2fpl for 2PL.F, also 1di for 1DU.INCL and 1pe for 1PL.EXCL.^{[4][nb 2]}
• Authors may more severely abbreviate glosses than is the norm, if they are particularly frequent within a text, e.g. IP rather than IMM.PST for 'immediate past'. This helps keep the gloss graphically aligned with the parsed text when the abbreviations are longer than the morphemes they gloss. Such shortened forms may be ambiguous with other authors or texts and so are not presented as normative here. Glosses may also be less abbreviated than the norm if they are not common in a particular text, so as to not tax the reader, e.g. TRANSTVZR for 'transitivizer' or SUBJUNCT for 'subjunctive'. At the extreme, glosses may not be abbreviated at all but simply written in small caps, e.g. COMPLEMENTIZER, NONTHEME or DOWNRIVER rather than COMP, NTH, DR.^[5] Such long, obvious abbreviations^{e.g. in [6]} have been omitted from the list below, but are always possible.
• A morpheme will sometimes be used as its own gloss. This is typically done when it is the topic of discussion, and the author wishes it to be immediately recognized in the gloss among other morphemes with similar meanings, or when it has multiple or subtle meanings that would be impractical to gloss with a single conventional abbreviation. For example, if a passage has two contrasting nominalizing suffixes under discussion, ɣiŋ and jolqəl, they may be glossed GN and JQ, with the glosses explained in the text.^[7] This is also seen when the meaning of a morpheme is debated, and glossing it one way or another would prejudice the discussion.
• Lexical morphemes are typically translated, using lower-case letters, though they may be given a grammatical gloss in small caps if they play a grammatical role in the text. Exceptions include proper nouns, which typically are not translated, and kinship terms, which may be too complex to translate. Proper nouns/names may simply be repeated in the gloss, or may be replaced with a placeholder such as "(name.F)" or "PN(F)" (for a female name). For kinship glosses, see the dedicated section below for a list of standard abbreviations.
• Lehmann recommends that abbreviations for syntactic roles not be used as glosses for arguments, as they are not morphological categories. Glosses for case should be used instead, e.g. ERG or NOM for A.^[8] Morphosyntactic abbreviations are typically typeset as full capitals even when small caps are used for glosses,^[9] and include A (agent of transitive verb), B (core benefactive),^[10] D or I (core dative / indirect object),^[11] E (experiencer of sensory verb),^[12] G or R (goal or recipient – indirect object of ditransitive verb),^[13] L (location argument),^[14] O or P (patient of transitive verb), S (single argument of intransitive verb), S_A (Sa) and S_P or S_O (Sp, So) (agent- and patient-like argument in split-S alignment),^[15] Se and Sx (argument of equative/copular and existential verb),^[11] Su (subject of v.t. or v.i.),^[11] and T (theme – direct object of ditransitive verb).^[14]

These abbreviations are, however, commonly used as the basis for glosses for symmetrical voice systems (formerly called 'trigger' agreement, and by some still 'focus' (misleadingly, as it is not grammatical focus), such as AV (agent voice), BF (beneficiary 'focus'), LT (locative 'trigger').

• Glosses for generic concepts like 'particle', 'infix', 'tense', 'object marker' and the like are generally to be avoided in favor of specifying the precise value of the morpheme.^[8] However, they may be appropriate for historical linguistics or language comparison, where the value differs between languages or a meaning cannot be reconstructed, or where such usage is unambiguous because there is only a single morpheme (e.g. article or aspect marker) that can be glossed that way. When a more precise gloss would be misleading (for example, an aspectual marker that has multiple uses, or which is not sufficiently understood to gloss properly), but glossing it as its syntactic category would be ambiguous, the author may disambiguate with digits (e.g. ASP1 and ASP2 for a pair of aspect markers). Such pseudo-glossing may be difficult for the reader to follow.
• Authors also use placeholders for generic elements in schematicized parsing, such as may be used to illustrate morpheme or word order in a language. Examples include HEAD or HD 'head'; ROOT or RT 'root'; STEM or ST 'stem'; PREF, PRFX or PX 'prefix'; SUFF, SUFX or SX 'suffix'; CLIT, CL or ENCL 'clitic' or 'enclitic'; PREP 'preposition' and POS or POST 'postposition', PNG 'person–number–gender element' and TAM 'tense–aspect–mood element' (also NG number–gender, PN person–number, TA tense–aspect, TAME tense–aspect–mood–evidential) etc.^[2][16] These are not listed below as they are not glosses for morphological values.

Lists

Nonabbreviated English words used as glosses are not included in the list below. Caution is needed with short glosses like AT, BY, TO and UP, which could potentially be either abbreviations or (as in these cases) nonabbreviated English prepositions used as glosses.

Transparent compounds of the glosses below, such as REMPST or REM.PST 'remote past', a compound of REM 'remote' and PST 'past', are not listed separately.

Abbreviations beginning with N- (generalized glossing prefix for non-, in-, un-) are not listed separately unless they have alternative forms that are included. For example, NPST non-past is not listed, as it is composable from N- non- + PST past. This convention is grounded in the Leipzig Glossing Rules.^[2] Some authors use a lower-case n, for example nH for 'non-human'.^[16]

Some sources are moving from classical lative (LAT, -L) terminology to 'directional' (DIR), with concommitant changes in the abbreviations. Other authors contrast -lative and -directive.^[17]

Some sources use alternative abbreviations to distinguish e.g. nominalizer from nominalization,^[18] or shorter abbreviations for compounded glosses in synthetic morphemes than for independent glosses in agglutinative morphemes.^[19] These are seldom distinct morphosyntactic categories in a language, though some may be distinguished in historical linguistics. They are not distinguished below, as any such usage tends to be idiosyncratic to the author.

Punctuation and numbers

Conventional Gloss	Variants	Meaning	Reference
-		separator for segmentable morphemes, e.g., Lezgian amuq’-da-č (stay-FUT-NEG) "will not stay"	[2]
=	꞊, ‿	[optional in place of hyphen] separator for clitics, e.g., West Greenlandic palasi=lu niuirtur=lu (priest=and shopkeeper=and) "both the priest and the shopkeeper"	[2][20]
.		when a morph is rendered by more than one gloss, the glosses are separated by periods, e.g., French aux chevaux (to.ART.PL horse.PL) "to the horses" A period is not used between person and number, e.g. 1PL, 2SG, 1DU, 3NSG (nonsingular).	[2]
_		[optional in place of period] when the language of the gloss lacks a one-word translation, a phrase may be joined by underscores, e.g., Turkish çık-mak (come_out-INF) "to come out" With some authors, the reverse is also true, for a two-word phrase glossed with a single word.	[2][21]
›	>, →, :	[optional in place of period] direction of polypersonal agreement in a single gloss, whether (a) possession (1S›SG means 1S possessor and singular possessum) or (b) transitivity (2›3 means 2 acts on 3, as in guny-bi-yarluga (2DU›3SG-FUT-poke) "(who) do you two want to spear?" A colon is used by some authors: 1S:SG, 2DU:3SG-FUT-poke.	[2][22][23][4]
:		[optional in place of period] separates glosses where segmentation is irrelevant (morphemes may be segmentable, but author does not wish to separate them)	[2]
;	:	[optional in place of period] separates glosses that are combined in a portmanteau morpheme, as in aux chevaux (to;ART;PL horse;PL) "to the horses". Some authors use the colon indiscriminately for this convention and the previous.[24]	[2][24]
+		[optional] compound word or fused morpheme. (Also used in 1+2 (inclusive) vs 1+3 (exclusive) person; EMPH+ strong emphatic)	[8][11][25][26]
&		[optional in place of period] cross-referencing: X&Y = X›Y or Y›X or both	[8]
/	|	alternative meanings of ambiguous morpheme, e.g. 2/3 for a morpheme that may be either 2nd or 3rd person, or DAT/GEN for a suffix used for both dative and genitive.	[27][6]
\		[optional in place of period] a morpheme indicated by or affected by mutation, as in Väter-n (father\PL-DAT.PL) "to (our) fathers" (singular form Vater)	[2]
[...]		[optional in place of period] indicates unmarked element (such as fils (son[MSG], which has no suffix for MSG). The null suffix -∅ may be used instead.	[2]
(...)		[optional in place of period] inherent category, such as covert gender (when glossed at all)	[2]
~		[required in place of hyphen] marks reduplication and retriplication (e.g. Ancient Greek γέγρᾰφᾰ (gé~graph-a) PRF~write-1SG 'I have written', with word-initial reduplication)	[2]
⟨...⟩	<...>	[required in place of hyphen] marks off an infix (e.g. ⟨ITER⟩Vb is word-initial infixation that makes the verb iterative)	[2]
⟩...⟨	-...-, >...<	[optional in place of hyphens] marks off a circumfix or bipartite stem. The second element may be glossed the same as the first, or as CIRC, STEM or $: ge⟩lauf⟨en   ⟨PART.PRF⟩run ge⟩lauf⟨en   PART.PRF⟩run⟨PART.PRF ge⟩lauf⟨en   PART.PRF⟩run⟨CIRC ge-lauf-en   PART.PRF-run-PART.PRF ge-lauf-en   PART.PRF-run-CIRC	[8]
$		(second part of a discontinuous lexeme)	[28]
√		[optional] used by some authors to mark which element is the root (in ⟨x-√y-z⟩, 'y' is the root)	[29][30]
?	??, X	(morpheme not understood, unidentified morpheme)	[31][32]
∅	0, Ø	zero (null) morpheme (such as fils-∅ (son-MSG), with a 'zero' suffix for MSG). Brackets may be used instead.	[2][33][8][34]
	0	zeroth person ('one', as in Finnish, Keres)	[35]
	0	epenthetic segment (semantically null)	[10]
1		first person (1msg, 1fpl, 1EXCL, DEM1 etc.): 1HON speaker-honorific, 1HML speaker-humiliative/humble	[2][8]
2		second person	[2]
3		third person (3SG.M or 3msg or 3ms; 3PL.F or 3fpl or 3fp; 3DU.N or 3ndu or 3nd; N3 or n3 non-3rd person) [occasionally 3sm, 3sn, 3sf, 3pm, 3pn, 3pf etc.][36]	[2][21]
	12, 13	inclusive, exclusive person (especially if not thought of as a form of 1pl) (rarely other digit compounds, e.g. 12 dual vs 122 plural inclusive, 33 vs 333 for 3du vs 3pl, etc.)	[24][37][27]
	3sp	impersonal 'space' subject	[19]
	3.3′.CJ	(3rd-person subj, 3rd-person obj conjunct–order verb)	[1]
	4	(a) fourth person (= OBV) (b) first person inclusive (c) indefinite person	[38][39][1][40]
I, II, III, IV etc.		noun classes / genders	[41][42][23]
> ≥ < ≤		older and younger: 1SG> 'I' (speaker older than addressee), 2SG≤ 'you' (speaker addressing addressee of same age or younger), 3SG> 's/he' (referent older than (a) speaker or (b) addressee, depending on requirements of discourse)	[37]
= ≠		same and different generations: 3DU≠ 'they two' (of different generations, e.g. grandchild and great-grandchild), 1PL= 'we' (of same generation, e.g. me and my siblings)	[37]
≈		varies with	[1]

Grammatical abbreviations

Conventional Gloss	Variants	Meaning	Reference
	-A	athematic (TAMA athematic tense-aspect-mood, ANTA athematic antecedent, etc.)	[43]
	A-	associating (prefix on case abbreviation)	[24]
	AA	addressee authority (cf. SA)	[21]
	AB	from. May be equivalent to ABESS or ABL. Compounded for ABE(SS), ABL(AT), ABEL etc. if a single morpheme, as AB-ESS, AB-LAT or AB-DIR, AB-ELA etc. if not.	[citation needed]
	AB, ABV[citation needed]	above deictic center	[44]
ABESS	ABE, AB	abessive case (a.k.a. caritive case or privative case: 'without') Lehmann (2004) recommends using privative (PRV) or aversive (AVERS) instead[8]	[33][40][45][46]
ABIL	ABL, CAP[citation needed]	ability or capability (ACQ.ABIL acquired ability, INTR.ABIL intrinsic ability)	[47]
ABL	ABLA	ablative case ('from')	[2][32]
	ABM	ablative-modalis case	[48]
ABS	ABSOL, AB[citation needed]	absolutive case	[2][18]
	ABSL	absolute (free, non-incorporated form of noun)	[8]
ABST	AB cn	abstractive; abstract	[49][12]
ABSTR		abstract (of nominal)	[8]
ABSV	ABSN	absentive (occurring in a place displaced from the deictic centre)	[50][51]
	ABT	about	[52]
	AC	motion across (as opposed to up/down-hill, -river)	[citation needed]
	AC	animacy classifier	[30]
ACC	AC	accusative case	[2][53]
	ACCOM	accompanier	[15]
ACH		achievement	[35]
	ACP, ACCMP	accomplishment	[54][35]
	ACR, ACT cn?	actor role	[8]
ACT	AC	active voice	[33][8][54]
	ACT	action (verbal participle)	[40]
	ACT	actual	[43][23]
	ACTL	actualizing	[16]
	ACTY	activity	[35]
AD		near, by. May be equivalent to ADESS or ALL. Compounded for ADE(SS), (irregular ALL), ADEL etc. if a single morpheme, as AD-ESS, AD-LAT, AD-ELA etc. if not.	[16][17]
	AD	agent demotion	[20]
	AD	anti-deictic	[7]
	ADAP	adaptive	[21]
ADD	ADDIT	additive case; additive focus	[8][55][56]
ADESS	AD, ADE, ADES	adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC). See AD.	[12][57][33][8][2][30][58][31]
ADEL		adelative	[59][8][12]
ADJ		adjective (ADJZ adjectivizer)	[2][60][16]
	ADJ	adjunct	[52]
ADJZ	ADJR	adjectivizer	[60][61]
ADM	ADMON	admonitive mood (warning)	[8][62]
ADR	ADDR, AD	addressive; addressee-anchored/orientated/perspective	[17][16][22][63][1][21]
ADV		adverb(ial) (ADVZ ~ ADVR adverbializer); adverbial case	[2][13][64][8]
	ADV	advancement	[51]
	ADVM	adverb marker	[19]
ADVS	ADV, ADVRS, ADVRST	adversative (maleficiary, 'whereas')	[61][54][51][1]
ADVZ	ADVR, ADVZR	adverbializer	[13][61][32]
AEQ	EQ, EQL, EQTV	aequalis (equalis) case (like, as), equational particle, equative (adj in nominal clause; EQA, EQS = active, stative equative)	[65][39][25][57][35]
AFF	AFFMT, AFFM AFFIRM	affirmative	[33][51][61][16]
	AFFECT	affectionate	[24]
	AFM	aforementioned	[51]
AFFT	AFF	affective case	[61][66][23][16]
	aFOC	argument-focus marker	[1]
	AFW	away from water (= UH)	[67]
	AGG	aggregate, collective (cf. COL)	[32]
	AGN, AG.N, AGNR	agent nominalization/noun	[68][17][32]
	AGR, AG	agreement affix (typically number–gender; cf. PNG) Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding and specifying agreement categories.[8]	[2][26]
AGT	AG	agentive case (AGNZ agentive nominalizer)	[33][8][49][63]
AJC		adjacent	[69]
AL	ALIEN cn?	alienable possession	[8][63]
ALL	ADL, ADDIR	allative case ('to'; also 'aditive' [sic], 'adlative', 'addirective')	[2][12][38]
ALLOC	AL	allocutive (addressee honorific)	[8][18]
	ALTER	alterphoric, = N.EGO	[70]
	AMBIPH	ambiphoric pronoun	[23]
	AMP	amplifier	[68]
AN	ANM, ANIM	animate gender (ANPL animate plural; cf R; may exclude human referents)	[15][7][30][33]
	AN, ACNR, ACNNR	action noun, action nominalizer	[17][51][8]
	AN, ADN	adnominalizer	[7]
ANA	ANP, ANAPH	anaphoric (demonstrative, suffix)	[71][25][49][22][48]
	ANA	action narrowly averted	[1]
AND		andative ('going towards', cf venitive)	[8]
	ANP	adnominal verb	[1]
ANT		anterior tense (relative tense; used for PRF in some traditions)	[33]
	ANT	Antecedent (ANTA athematic antecedent, ANTT thematic antecedent)	[43]
	ANT, ANTC	anticipated (future), anticipating	[6][72][7]
ANT	ANTE	in front of. May be equivalent to ANTESS or ANTL. Compounded for ANTE(SS), ANTL(AT), ANTEL etc. if a single morpheme, as ANT-ESS, ANT-LAT, ANT-ELA etc. if not.	[16][3]
ANTEL		anteelative (antelative)	[17]
ANTESS	ANTE[citation needed]	antessive case, anteessive ('before')	[17]
ANTIC, AC	ACAUS	anticausative	[73][59][8][74][51]
	ANTIC	anticipatory (ANT.SU anticipatory subject)	[1]
ANTIP, AP	APASS, APS, ANTI, ATP	antipassive voice	[46][73][28][8][2][66][74][65][39][55][16]
ANTLAT	ANTDIR	antelative (ante-lative), antedirective	[17]
	AO	agent-orientated verb	[54]
	AOBL	attributive oblique	[75]
AOR	AO	aorist (= PST.PFV)	[33][19]
	AP	adverbial particle [note: better to gloss the actual meaning]	[18]
	APF	adjective prefix	[6]
APL	APPL, APP, AL	applicative (subtypes APL.INS etc.)[8]	[2][65][27][30]
APPOS	APP	apposition, appositional mood	[63][76][48]
	APPROB	approbation	[77]
APR	APPR	apprehensive mood, apprehensional ('lest')	[1][8][43]
APRT	PRESP,[citation needed] PRPART, PRP	active participle, present participle	[78][46][10]
APRX	APPR	approximative	[15][16]
APUD		near, in the vicinity of. May be equivalent to APUDESS or APUDL. Compounded for APUDE(SS), APUDL(AT), APUDEL etc. if a single morpheme, as APUD-ESS, APUD-LAT, APUD-ELA etc. if not.	[16][3]
	AR, AREA	areal (place/time/situation)	[60][69][1]
ARG		argumentative	[79]
ART		article	[2]
	AS	aseverative	[80]
	AS	actor (agent-role subject)	[4]
ASC	ASSOC, ASSC, ASS	(a) associative case ('with', 'à'; not = COM), (b) associative plural (also ASC.PL, ASSOC.PL, ASS.P), (c) associative mood (d) compounds, e.g. ASSOC.MOT associated motion	[8][17][43][63][55][26][79][19][1]
	ASP	aspect, aspectual Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding 'aspect' as a gloss and specifying the aspect.[8]	[33]
ASRT	ASS, ASST, ASSERT	assertive mood	[8][1][69][81][19]
	ASSP	asserted past participle	[19]
ASSUM	ASSU, ASS cn?	assumptive mood, assumed evidential	[8][21]
	AST	assistive	[81]
	ASYM	asymmetric (= NSYM)	[21]
	AT	at (locative) [English preposition as a gloss]	[16]
	ATN	attention-calling	[48]
ATR	ATTR, AT	attributive (L.ATR attributive derived from place name), attributor	[42][59][17][8]
ATTEN	ATT, ATTN	attenuative	[2][8][1]
AUD		auditory evidential, auditive	[8][38]
AUG		(a) augmentative; (b) augment (in Bantu noun classes) (c) augmented number (e.g. of imperative)	[59][8][55][4]
AUX		auxiliary verb Per Lehmann (2004), this should only be used if it uniquely identifies the morpheme (i.e., there is only one auxiliary morpheme in the language.)[8]	[2]
AV	AF, AT, A	agent/actor voice/focus/trigger (NAV, NAF non-actor voice)	[59][7][82][83][84][51][8]
AVERT		avertive	[69]
AVR	AVERS	aversative, aversive	[85][8][35]
	BE, TB	'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP) [cf. COP]	[citation needed]
	BEL	below deictic center	[44]
BEN	BENEF	benefactive case ('for')	[2][26]
BG	BCKG	background	[86][55]
	BI	bivalent	[80]
	BOT	bottom (presumably also 'BTM')	[52]
	BOU, BOUND	boundary (a. boundary-emphasizing; b. geographic boundary)	[21][24]
	BR	bound root	[51]
	BT	boundary tone	[87]
BV[citation needed]	BF	beneficiary voice/focus/trigger	[82][7]
C	COMM	common gender (C.SG or cs common singular, C.PL or cp common plural)	[33][8]
	C	current evidence	[21]
	C	conceptualizer	[36]
	-C	'compass', in languages where relative position is based on cardinal direction rather than left, right, front and behind (ABLC compass ablative, ALLC compass allative)	[43]
	C-	complementizing (prefix on case abbreviation)	[24]
	C.EXIST	ceased existence	[1]
CAR	CARIT	caritive case	[88][89]
CARD		cardinal numeral (morpheme or grammatical feature)	[8]
	CAU, CSL	causal-final case; causal	[78][7]
CAUS	CAU, CS, CSTVZR	causative	[2][53][77][31]
	CC	(a) conditional converb, (b) clause-chain marker	[10][70]
	CDM	core development	[51]
	CDN	conjunct dubitive neutral	[19]
	CDP	conjunct dubitive preterite	[19]
	CE	continued event	[68]
CEL	CELER	celerative	[90]
CENT		centric case	[74]
	CENTRIF	centrifugal (motion)	[6]
	CENTRIP	centripetal (motion)	[6]
CERT		certainty (evidential)	[71][89]
CESS		cessative	[61]
	CFOC	contrastive focus	[52]
CHEZ		at X's place, at the home of (from the French preposition chez)	[16]
	CHO	chômeur	[72]
	CHR	cohortative (often = HORT)	[48]
	CIF	contrary information flow	[91]
CIRC	CIR, CIRCUM	(a) circumstantive ('in', 'by') (b) circumstantial voice (= CV)	[8][82][10][89][11]
CIRC	CIRCUM, $	(empty tag to mark second element of a circumfix)	[2][28]
	CIRC	circumferential	[16]
	CIRCUMESS	circumessive	[citation needed]
CIS	CISL, CISLOC	cislocative	[92][65][68][79]
CIT		citation form ending	[53]
CJT	CJ	conjoint	[22][6]
	CL	close link (necessary condition; temporal closeness)	[93]
	CL	nominal class (in Bantu languages)	[94]
	CL	clause-level, e.g. &CL clause-level 'and', COMPL.CL completive clause marking	[31][19]
CLF	CL, CLASS, CLFSR	classifier (base or morpheme) (NCL noun class). Some distinguish CLF classifier from CL class marker.[23] The category of classifier should be specified,[8] e.g. "CLF:round"[95] or "CLF.HUM"[8]	[2][33][91][61][6]
	CM	(a) conjugation marker; (b) noun-class marker; (c) concatenative marker	[19][56][7]
	CMPD	compound	[citation needed]
CMPL	COMPL, CPL, CMP, COMP, CMPLT, COMPLET	completive (completitive) aspect (e.g. PAST.COMPL completed past) – normally = PFV[8]	[19][2][20][89][16][82][61]
CMPR	CMP, COMP, COMPR, CMPAR	comparative	[78][8][16][61][19]
	CMT, COMM	commitment, committal	[68][11]
	CN	common noun (e.g. CN.DET common-noun determiner)	[80]
	CN	conjunct nominal	[60]
	CNEG, CNG, CN	connegative	[82][1][4]
CNJ	CONJ, CONJUN	conjunction	[15][33][19]
	CNS, CONSTR, CNSTR	construct state/form	[96][79][1]
	CNS, CNSQ, CONS	consequential (e.g. consequential mood)	[21][65][43]
CNTF	CF, CTR, CTRFCT, CNTR.FACT	counterfactual conditional, contrafactuality	[59][89][91][48][1][24]
CNTR	CONTR, CTR, CONT, CON	contrastive, contranstive focus (= CONTR.FOC), contrasted topic	[19][59][53][74][63][23][10][7]
	CNTR	continuer	[36]
	CNTR	counter-assertive	[70]
CEXP	CNTREXP	counterexpectation	[52][1]
	CO.AG	co-agency	[89]
	COCAUS	concomitative-causitive
	COH	coherence	[51]
COL	COLL	collective number/numeral	[8][15]
COM	CMT, COMIT	comitative case ('together with', 'in the company of')	[2][52][16]
COMP	CMP, COMPL, COMPLR	complementizer (= SUBR)[8]	[2][33][89][68][61]
	COMP	compassion	[77]
	COMPV, COMP	comparative case (unequal comparison)	[35][52]
	COMPUL	compulsional	[89]
CON	CNA, CNTV	conative	[69][16][48][8]
	CON	concrete	[citation needed]
CONC	CNCS, CONCESS	concessive ('although') (> CONCP concessive particle)	[8][65][89][16][7]
	CONC	concurrent	[6]
	CONC	concord marker [to be avoided in favor of specifying the agreement]	[79]
COND	CND, CON	conditional mood ('if', 'would') (GCOND given conditional, GCCOND given concessive conditional)	[2][12][78][7]
CONF	CFM, CONFIRM	confirmational, confirmative	[19][7][49]
	CONGR, CNGR	congruent	[70]
CONJ	CJ	conjunctive (interpropositional relation), conjunct person marking	[8][19][20]
CONJC	CONJ	conjectural (evidential) (NCONJ negative conjectural)	[8][89][1][7]
CONN	CN, CNN, CT	connective (particle, mood, case)	[2][59][8][74][97][48][56]
CONR	CNCT, CON	connector	[22][63][72]
	CONS	consecutive; concessive	[22][25]
	CONSEC, CONS	consecutive mood ('so that')	[79][6]
	CONST, CNS, CST	constant, constancy	[68][48]
CONT	CNT, CTN, CONTIN	continuous aspect, continuative aspect	[33][21][59][8][20][1]
CONT		on a vertical surface. (From English contact.) May be equivalent to CONTESS or CONTL(AT). Compounded for CONTE(SS), CONTL(AT), CONTEL etc. if a single morpheme, as CONT-ESS, CONT-LAT or CONT-DIR, CONT-ELA etc. if not.	[16][3]
	CONT	continuous direction	[24]
	CONT	contentive	[17]
COOP		cooperative	[89][7]
COORD		coordination, coordinative	[16][70]
COP	BE	copula, copulative (BE identity copula, BE.LOC locative-existential copula)[87]	[2][49][31]
COR	COREF, CO.REF	coreference, coreferential	[38][74][89][19]
	CP	conjunctive participle	[7]
	CQ	content question (= WH.Q)	[31][98]
CRAS		crastinal tense ('tomorrow')	[8]
	CRD, CARD	cardinal pronoun	[23][54]
CRS		current relevance marker, currently relevant state (as in the perfect)	[99]
	CSM	change of state marker	[19]
	CSO	cosubordinator	[100]
	CT	circumstantial topic	[1]
	CTEXP	contraexpectative	[71]
CTG	CNTG	contingent mood	[71][65][39]
	CNTG	contiguous	[98]
CTM	CTEMP, COTEMP, CONTEMP, CONT	contemporative (at that/the same time)	[71][39][23][54][79][1]
	CTR	control	[51]
CUS	CU, CUST, CUSTOM	customary (cf. USIT	[48][41][100][89][79]
CV[citation needed]	CF, TF	circumstantial/theme voice/focus/trigger	[59]
	CV	copula verbalizer	[100]
	CV	characteristic vowel	[101]
	CV	conveyance voice (cf. CV circumstantial voice)	[102]
CVB	CONV, CNV, C	converb	[2][22][1][21]
DAT		dative case	[2]
	DC	dectic center	[63]
	DC	downcoast	[citation needed]
	DD	discourse definite	[103]
DE		different event, change of event (cf DS)	[104][25]
	DE	discontinued event	[68]
-de	DE	dual exclusive (= DU.EX)	[4][8]
	DEAG	deagentive	[80][79]
DEB	OBLG, OBLIG, OBL	debitive / obligative	[89][16][17][77]
	DEC	decausative	[10]
DECL	DEC, DCL	declarative mood	[2][1][70]
DED		deductive evidential	[53]
DEF	DF	definite	[2][21]
	DEFIN	definitive	[79]
	DEFOC	defocus	[89]
	DEFR	deferential (speaker-humble)	[8]
	DEI cn?, DEIC, DEIX, DX, D	deixis, deictic (D12 deictic of 12 person)	[15][16][75][8]
	DEL.IMP	delayed imperative (a command for later; cf. IMM)	[105]
DEL		delative case ('off of', 'down from')	[8]
	DEL, DLM[citation needed]	delimiter, delimitative ('just, only'), delimiting	[68]
	DEL	deliberative mood	[citation needed]
DEM	D	demonstrative (DEM1 proximate dem, DEM2 present/given dem, DEM3 remote dem; DEM.ADDR near addressee, DEM.DOWN lower than reference point, DEM.NEAR ~ DEM.NR near, DEM.SP near speaker, DEM.UP higher than reference point)	[15][2][16][21]
	DEN	denizen	[43]
DENOM		denominal	[14]
DEO	DEONT	deontic mood	[85][25][37]
DEOBJ		deobjective	[73]
DEP	D	dependent (as in DEP.FUT), dependent clause marking (use SJV)[8]	[41][74][19][1]
	DEPO	deportmentive	[43]
DEPR		depreciatory, deprecative	[38]
DER	DERIV	derivation, derivational morpheme (e.g. ADJ.DER adjective-derived)	[41][91][78]
	DEREL	derelational	[61]
DES	DESI cn?, DESID	desiderative mood (= OPT) (DESN desiderative noun)[10]	[33][8][80][25][64][79]
DEST		destinative aspect or case ('to') (non-finite verb form = supine)[8]	[33][57]
DET	D	determiner	[2][18]
DETR	DTRNZ	detransitivizer, detransitive	[8][15][19]
	DETR	detrimental	[19]
	DFLT	default	[106]
	DH	downhill, seaward (cf DR)	[citation needed]
-di	DI	dual inclusive (= DU.IN)	[4][8]
	DIF	direct information flow	[91]
DIM	DIMIN	diminutive	[33][14]
DIR.EV	DIREV, DIR, DR, DRCT	direct evidential (= EXP; DIR/INFR direct/inferred)	[33][8][21][68][19][35]
DIR	DIREC	directive, directional (= LAT); typically suffixed to another element such as AD-, POST-, SUB-, SUPER-.	[33][8][64][63][24]
	DIR, DR	(a) direct case (> NDIR indirect case), (b) direct voice (opposite of INV)	[33][89][8]
	DIR	directed (DIRA athematic directed, DIRT thematic directed)	[43]
	DIS	dislocative	[25]
DISC	DM, DSC, D	discourse marker	[32][33][60][51]
	DIS.CON	discursive connector	[32]
DISJ	DIS, DJ	disjunction, disjunctive, disjunct person marking	[107][19][10][21]
	DISSAT	dissatisfaction	[77]
DIST	DIS, DS, D, DSTL, FAR	distal, distant (DIST.FUT, DIST.PST, D.PRF; DIST.IMPV distal imperative)	[2][14][39][7][31][19][1][30]
DISTR	DSTR, DISB, DIST	(a) distributive case; (b) distributive plural[citation needed] (c) distributive aspect	[2][37][61][10]
	DITR	ditransitive	[20]
DIV		diversative	[10]
	DN	deverbal noun	[19]
DNZ		denizen	[52]
	DM	a) demonstrative marker; directive marker (polite command)	[23][21]
DO	DO, DOBJ	direct object(ive)	[33][4]
	DO	do like a ... (verbalizing suffix)	[24]
DOM		(a) differential object marking; (b) direct-object marker	[108][16][56]
DON		donative (auxiliary of benefactive)	[43][8]
DOX		doxastic	[47]
	DP	distant past. = REM.PST	[71]
	DP	discourse particle [use actual gloss if possible]	[19][40]
	DP	destinative participle	[10]
	DPAST	direct past (evidentiality)	[19]
	DPC	distant past continuative	[51]
	DPP	distant past completive	[51]
DR		downriver (cf DH toward the water)	[109][74]
	DR	different reference	[1]
DS	DA	different-subject/actor/agent (change of subject) marker (cf DE)	[59][41][25]
DSC	DISCNT, DISCONT	discontinuative aspect	[68][59][57]
	DT	different taxis	[25]
DTR		detrimentary	[65]
DU	DL, d	dual number (M.DU or md masculine dual, F.DU or fd feminine dual)	[2][41][91]
DUB	DBT, DUBIT	dubitative mood, dubiative	[8][52][54]
	DUMMY	dummy affix	[90]
	DUPLIC, DV	duplicative	[79][1]
DUR		durative aspect (continuous aspect)	[2]
DV[citation needed]	DF	direction voice/focus/trigger	[7]
	DWN, DN DOWN	downward	[7][52]
DY	DYAD cn?	dyadic (e.g. wife-DY 'man and wife')	[110][62]
DYN	DYNM	dynamic aspect / eventive	[8][23]
	-E	(used to form various essive cases)
	EA	epistemic authority (= EGO)	[70]
	EC	euphonic consonant (= EP)	[16]
	EFF	effector	[26]
	EFOC	extra-focal	[80]
EGO		egophoric (NEGO non-egophoric)	[16][21]
EGR		egressive	[8]
	EI	euphonic insertion	[15]
ELA	EL, ELAT, ELV	elative case ('out of')	[73][33][46][8][80][6]
	ELPA	existential + locative + possessive + attributive	[70]
	EM	a) extension marker; b) evaluative marker	[16][21]
EMO	EMOT[citation needed]	emotive	[43][81]
EMP	EMPH, EM, E	(a) emphatic (e.g. emphatic base of pronouns), (b) emphasizer, emphatic marker (ETOP emphatic topic)	[33][8][91][4][72][7]
	END, FP, FIN	clause-final particle (joshi) Per Lehmann (2004), glosses as 'particle' should be avoided; instead translate/gloss the meaning.[8]	[100][108][37]
	ENDO	endopathic (= EGO)	[70]
	ENC	enunciative particle, as in Gascon	,[18] Marcus, Nicole Elise (2010). The Gascon Énonciatif System: Past, Present, and Future: A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance (PDF) (PhD). Retrieved 12 February 2023.
EP	E, EPENTH, EPENT, 0	epenthetic morpheme, epenthetical	[15][59][25][79][10]
	EPI, EPIS, EM, EPST, EPIST	epistemic mood or modality	[25][82][95]
EPIT		epithet	[37]
	EQU	equative (= COP	[70]
ERG		ergative case	[2]
	ES	echo subject	[1]
ESS		essive case ('as')	[33][40]
EV	EVD, EVI, EVID	evidential (DIR.EV etc.) [per Lehmann (2004), the particular evidential should be specified][8] (PREV.EVID.EV previous-evidence evidential)	[15][8][19][51]
	EV	euphonic vowel (= EP)	[16]
	EV	experiencer voice	[72]
EVIT		evitative case (= aversive case)	[25][43]
	EVT	eventual	[16]
EXAL	DEF	exaltive/deferential (high-status register)	[111][97]
	EXC, XS	excessive [cf. EXESS 'ex-essive', which is commonly misspelled 'excessive']	[16][19][24]
EXCL, EX	EXC, e	exclusive person (as in 1EX, 1PL.EX, 1e)	[2][112][14]
EXCLAM	EXCLM, EXCL, EXC	exclamative, exclamatory	[15][89][37][48]
	EX.DUR	excessive duration	[91]
	EXEC	executive (auxiliary)	[70]
EXESS		exessive case	[113]
	EXFOC	extrafocal (cleft subordinate clause
EXH	ADH	exhortative, adhortative	[114][98][28]
	EXH.FOC	exhaustive focus	[1]
EXIST	EXS, EXST, EXIS, EX, EX.BE	existential ('there is')	[33][21][16][52][31][1]
EXO		exocentric case	[74]
	EXP, EXPER cn?	experiencer, experiencer case	[33][15][46][7]
EXP	EXPER, EXP.EV	experiential, eyewitness = direct evidential (cf. WIT). EXPER.PAST experienced past.	[33][8][79][19]
	EXPECT	expectational	[89]
	EXPL, EXP	expletive (dummy / meaningless form)	[25]
	EXPR	expressive	[37][10]
EXT		extended (aspect, demonstrative), extendible; extension (sound stretch)	[41][54][48][34]
	EXT	extent	[19]
	EXT	external evidential	[70]
	EXTRV	extraversive (trz by addition of ugr)	[8]
	EXTT	extended topic	[70]
	EZF, EZ, IZAF	ezafe = izafet	[16][56][79]
F	FEM	feminine gender (F.SG, FSG or fs feminine singular, F.PL, FPL or fp feminine plural) (FEM also 'female speaker')	[2][21]
	FA	future actor	[46]
FAC	FACT	(a) factive evidential/mood, factual; (b) factitive (A-FACT NP 'make NP A')	[33][80][89][68][8]
FAM		familiar, as for familiar register (as the T–V distinction) and familiar pronominal	[59][8]
	FC	future conjunct (NFC non-future conjunct)	[7]
	FCL	facilitive	[16]
	FD	future disjunct	[7]
	FH, FIRSTH	firsthand (NFH non-firsthand)	[35][19]
	FI	feminine indefinite	[1]
	FILL, SFL	morphological filler, sentence filler (expletive)	[77]
FIN		finite verb (NFIN non-finite)	[33]
	FIN	finalis	[16]
FMR	DCSC	former, deceased, 'late'	[68][21]
	FN	first (= given) name	[87]
	FNL	phrase-final suffix	[6]
FOC		focus (confusingly used both for symmetrical voice and for true grammatical focus: A.FOC, AGFOC agent/actor focus; P.FOC, PFOC patient focus; LFOC location focus, BFOC beneficiary focus, ACFOC accompanier focus, IFOC instrument focus, CFOC conveyance focus)	[2][35]
FOR	FRM, FORM, FRML	(a) formal register (as the T–V distinction); (b) formal mood; (c) formal case ('in the capacity of...')	[78][8][35]
FPRT	FP	future participle	[78][10]
	FPST, FP	far past	[93][19]
FRACT		fraction, fractional (numeral)	[2]
FREQ	FRQ, FR cn?	frequentative aspect	[8][39]
	FRT	front	[52]
FRUS	FRUST, FRST, FR, FRUSTR	frustrative	[37][22][38][34][19][115]
FS		false start	[22]
FTV	FACT	factative tense (PRES if stative, PAST if not)	[22][43]
	FUNC	functional	[43]
	FUNC	functive case	[57]
FUT	F, FT	future tense (FOBJ future objective)	[2][19][24]
	FUT.INT, ITF	future intention, intentional future	[89][16]
	FV, TV	final/terminal vowel	[6][1]
G1, G2, G3, G4 etc.	GND etc.	gender / noun class (e.g. G4 = 4th gender; may be used alongside M, F etc.)	[2][56]
	GEM	generalized evaluative marker	[21]
GEN	GN, G	genitive case, genitive form of pronoun	[2][31][72]
	GENZ	generalized	[1]
GER	GRD	gerund, gerundive (for the latter, use obligative)[8]	[33][46][36]
GIV		given	[116]
	GKN	general knowledge (evidential)	[21]
	GM	gender marker [or specify the gender]	[16]
	GNF	general non-finite	[7]
GNO	GNOMIC	gnomic (generic) aspect	[74][91]
GNR	GENR, GNRL, GENER, GENRL, GEN	generic, general (e.g. classifier, tense; APPL.GEN general applicative)	[8][22][38][62][57][23][1][48]
	GNT	general tense	[16]
	GO&, AM, DK	associated motion. GO&DO (go to a place and perform the verb) (= ASC.MOT)	[23][6][4]
	GPST	general past	[93]
	GRP	group numeral	[17]
	gTOP	given topic	[28]
GV	GF, GT	goal voice/focus/trigger [how d this diff from PV?]	[74][83][15]
	H	head	[33]
	H	hearer/reader	[33]
	H	high variety/code, in adiglossic situation	[33]
H	HUM	human, anthropic gender (H.SG or hs human singular, H.PL or hp human plural, ALLH human allative) (cf. R)	[43][33][22][55][42]
	H	higher animacy, higher object (cf. LA)	[77][23]
HAB	HABIT	habitual aspect	[8][33]
	HBL	habilitive	[16]
HCR		hypocoristic	[8]
HES	HESIT	hesitation, hesitation particle	[22][100]
HEST		hesternal tense ('yesterday')	[8]
HIST		historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense	[22]
	HNDR	number of hundreds (in a numeral)
HOD	TOD	hodiernal tense ('today' in HOD.FUT/HODFUT hodernial future, HOD.PST/TODP hodernial past)	[8][1]
HON	HNR, H, HS [suffix]	honorific (subject honorific)	[33][48][70][72]
	HOR	horizon of interest	[16]
	HOR	horizontal	[28]
HORT	HOR [cn]	hortative (1st-person imperative)	[8]
	HPL	human plural (H.PL)	[101]
	HR.EV	heard evidential (= AUD)	[89]
HRS	HSY, HS, HRSY, EH	hearsay/reported evidential	[100][65][38][19][1][4]
HUM	HML, HBL cn?	humiliative, humble (low-status register)	[8][111]
HYP	HYPO, HYPOTH cn?	hypothetical mood	[25][33][8][49]
	I	inflected (AUX.I inflected auxiliary)	[91]
	IA	involuntary agent	[80]
	IA	indirect agent(ive)	[28]
	IA	instrumental advancement	[46]
IAM		iamitive	[16]
	IC	involuntary causative (natural or accidental events)	[15][30]
	IC	indirective copula	[19]
	ICOM	involuntary comitative	[68]
	ICVB, IC	imperfective converb	[75][10]
	IDENT, ID[citation needed]	identity, identical (~ NID),	[98]
	IDENT	identificational	[54]
	IDENTIF	identifiable	[23]
IDEO	IDPH, IDEOPH	ideophone (≈ MIM)	[18][49][22][38][117]
	IE	informal ending	[11]
	IFUT	indefinite future	[91]
IGN	IGNOR	ignorative	[48][89]
ILL	ILLA, ILLAT	illative case ('into')	[33][81][17]
	IM	interrogative marker	[18]
	IMI	impersonal infinitive	[10]
IMM	IM, IMD, IMMED	immediate, as in IM.IMP immediate imperative mood, IM.FUT near future tense, IM.PAST/IMPST immediate past; immediate evidential	[8][41][48][70]
	IMMED	immediate past, = IMM.PST	[79]
	IMN	imminent (future) = IMM.FUT	[48]
IMP	IMPER, IMPV, IMPRT	imperative mood	[2][14][19][6]
	IMPARF	imparfait	[19]
IMPF	IMPERF, IMPRF, IMPFT, IM	imperfect (= PST.NPFV)	[33][22][16][93][19]
	IMPL	implicated	[1]
	IMPOSS	modal impossibility	[77]
IMPR	IMPREC cn?	imprecative mood	[118][47]
IMPRS	IMPERS, IMPR, IMPS cn?, IMPL, IMP	impersonal, impersonal verb	[59][8][51][66][89][91][30][119]
IN		in a container. May be equivalent to INESS or INL. Compounded for INE(SS), INL(AT), INEL etc. if a single morpheme, as IN-ESS, IN-LAT, IN-ELA etc. if not.	[16][3]
	INAB, IMPOT	impotential	[47][11]
	INABL	inablative	[30]
	INACT	inactive	[16]
INAL		inalienable possession	[15][22]
INAN	INANIM	inanimate gender	[15][33][16]
	INC	increment	[43]
	INCEP, INC, INCP, IP	inceptive (= inchoative or ingressive)	[8][61][22][62][40][69]
INCH	INCHO, INC, INH	inchoative	[8][61][48][7]
INCL, IN	INC	inclusive person (as 1IN or 1PL.IN)	[2][112]
	INCP, INCIP	incipient (INCPA athematic incipient, INCPT thematic incipient)	[43]
IND	INDIC	indicative mood	[2][18]
	INDCAUS	indirect causative	[75]
	INDEP, INDP, IND	independent	[1][87][21]
	INDET	indeterminate	[120][95]
INDH		indefinite human ('somebody')	[121]
	INDIR	indirective (motion inward); indirect(?) (INDIR.COP indirective copula); indirect evidential	[89][16][79][19][21]
	INDIV	individualizer	[24]
INDN		indefinite non-human ('something')	[121]
INEL		inelative case ('from within')	[12][57]
INESS	INE, INES, INSV, IN	inessive case ('in')	[8][18][56][46][1][58]
INF		infinitive	[2]
INFL		inflectional	[33]
INFR	INFER, INFERN, INF	inferential mood, inferred evidential	[8][101][1][19]
	ING, INGR	ingressive case	[39][51]
INJ	INTERJ, INTRJ, INTJ, INT, INTER	interjection (incl. 'filler'), interjective	[48][12][7][33][19][10]
INS	INST, INSTR	instrumental case	[2][61][28]
	INS	instantiated	[43]
INT	INTER, INTERR	interrogative (= Q); C.INT content interrogative mood	[59][8][19][102]
	INT	internal evidential	[70]
INTER		within (a solid object). May be equivalent to INTERESS or INTERL. Compounded for INTERE(SS), INTERL(AT), INTEREL etc. if a single morpheme, as INTER-ESS, INTER-LAT, INTER-ELA etc. if not.	[16][3]
	INTERESS	interessive
	INTERP	interpellative mood	[118]
INTF		interfix	[73]
INTL	INTEN, INT	intentional conditional, intentive future	[114][91][68]
	INTRST	complement of interest	[19]
INTRV		introversive	[80]
INTS	INT, ITS, INTN, INTNS, INTEN, INTENS	intensifier, intensive	[59][8][48][10][15][89][31][1]
INTV	INTENTV	intentive	[47][23]
INV		inverse	[59][8]
	INVN	inverse number (as in Kiowa: sg of default pl, pl of default sg)	[35]
	INW	inward	[7]
IO	IO, IOBJ	indirect object(ive)	[66][28][4]
	IP	immediate past. = IM.PST	[38]
	IPAST	indirective past	[19]
	IPD	impeditive	[68]
IPS		(a) impersonal passive (passive w/o promotion to subject); (b) impersonalizer (AGIPS agent impersonalizer)	[8][15][49]
	IQ	indirect question, self-addressed question	[17]
	IR	irregular (compounded with other glosses, e.g. LOC.IR irregular locative)	[31]
IRR	IRLS cn?, IRREAL, IR	irrealis mood	[2][37][4]
	IRREL, IRRELEV	irrelevence (= NRELEV	[89]
	IS	indirect speech	[33]
	IS	impersonal subject	[15]
	IS	immediate scope	[36]
ITER	IT, ITE, ITR	iterative aspect	[33][14][25][48]
	ITG	intangible	[1]
	ITM	intermittent	[48]
ITV	ITIV, IT	itive	[6][28]
IV[citation needed]	IF	instrument voice/focus/trigger	[82][7]
	IVC	impersonal verb construction	[1]
	J	thematic	[43]
JUS	JUSS	jussive mood	[8][68]
KIN		kinship suffix	[22][23]
KNWN		known	[55]
	-L	(used to form various lative cases)
	L	low variety/code, in adiglossic situation	[33]
	L	local (exophoric) person (= 1/2)
L2	B	tags translation as code-switching.	[33][57]
	LA	lower animacy (cf. H)	[23]
LAT		lative case (= MVMT, direction)	[8]
	LC	limited control	[81]
	LCL	locational	[6]
	LENGTH	vowel or consonant emphasis lengthening	[citation needed]
	LEX	lexical-thematic (affix), lexical	[69][40]
LIG		ligature, possessor ligature	[22][82][23]
LIM	LMT	limitative	[85][81][7]
	LKLY	likely (modality)	[35]
	LL	land gender	[23]
	LL	lower level (spatial deixis)	[93]
	LM	landmark	[54][36]
	LM, LI	linking morph, linking interfix	[20][7]
	LN	last (= family) name	[87]
LNK	LK, LINK	linker, linking element: an interfix or a ligature	[59][8][63][79][21]
LOC	LCV	locative case (includes essive case), locative verb (EXIST)	[2][48]
LOG		logophoric (LOG.A speaker-logophoric PN, LOG.B addressee-logophoric PN)	[8][1]
	LOQ	delocutive	[54]
	LP	linking particle	[1]
	LQ	limiting quantifier	[21]
	LS	lexical stem	[16]
LV	LF	locative/location voice/focus/trigger	[82][7][102]
	LV	linking vowel	[20][51]
	LV	lengthened vowel	[7]
M	MASC	masculine gender (M.SG, MSG or ms masculine singular, M.PL, MPL or mp masculine plural)	[2]
	M-	(a) modal case (prefix on case abbreviation, e.g. MABL modal ablative) (b) marked (e.g. MNF marked non-future)	[23][24]
MAL		malefactive case	[38][25]
	MALE	male speaker	[21]
MAN	MNR	manner; mood–aspect–negation (e.g. purpose-manner converb)	[8][80][16][19]
	MATUT	matutinal (in the morning, upon waking)	[90]
	MC	modal clitic	[21]
	MDT, MEDIT	meditative	[16][79]
	M.E.	multiple event	[89]
	MEA	measure	[68]
MED		(a) mediative; (b) medial (e.g. medial past, medial demonstrative = GIV); (c) middle voice (= MID)	[14][49][16][79]
	MF	maximal field of view	[36]
MID	MD, MP, M, MDL	middle voice, mediopassive	[59][8][54][103][24][40]
	MIM	mimetic (≈ IDEO)	[117]
	MIN	minimal number	[100][23]
MIR	ADM	mirative / admirative	[74][25][69][89]
	MIRN	negative mirative	[25]
	MIS	miscellaneous gender	[66]
MIT		mitigation	[47]
	MLOC	modal locative	[6]
	MOD, MO	modal case (modalis), e.g. certainty	[89][39][57][4]
MOD	MDL, MP(modal particle)	mood, modal, modal particle	[33][91][81][57][19][21]
	MOD	modifier	[33][82][57]
MOM		momentane, momentative (single-event verb)	[59][15][4]
MONO		monofocal person	[59]
	MOT	motion (combined with location glosses), mutative	[79][101]
MOV	MVMT	movement	[65][38]
	MS	maximal scope	[36]
	MSAP	main speech-act participant (= 1st person in assertions, 2nd in questions)
MSD	MASD	maṣdar (verbal noun)	[42][57][16]
	MT	mental state (classifier)	[30]
MUL	MULT, MLT,[citation needed] MLTP[citation needed]	multiplicative case, numeral	[78][55]
	MULT	multal	[57]
	MVR	mover	[36]
N	NEUT, NT	neuter gender (N.SG, NSG or ns neuter singular [cf. NSG non-singular], N.PL, NPL or np neuter plural) Sometimes = non-human.	[2][73][19][93]
N		noun (as a gloss in NZ nominalizer)	[73]
N-	n-, NON-	non-, in-, un-, a- (e.g. NSG, nSG non-singular; NPST, nPST non-past; NPRS, nPRS non-present; NFUT, nFUT non-future; NF, nF non-feminine; NFIN, nFIN non-finite; NPOSS, nPOS non-possessed; N1, n1 non-1st person [i.e. 2/3], N3 non-3rd person; NPFV, nPFV imperfective)	[2][8][22][55][16][18][21]
	-N	name (FN feminine name, GN geographic name, MN masculine name, PN proper name or place name, PLN place name, PSN personal name)	[62][7]
NARR	NAR cn?	narrative tense	[59][8]
	NC	noncontrol	[20]
	NC	noun-class marker	[6]
NCOMPL	ICP, INC, INCMP, INCPL, INCMPL, INCOMPL	incompletive/noncompletive aspect (normally = NPFV)	[59][8][89][68][23][79]
NCTM	ICM	in contemporative (perfective appositional)	[39]
	NCUR	noncurative	[17]
NDEF	INDF, IDF, INDEF, IND	indefinite	[2][15][61][10]
NEC		necessitative	[73][19]
NEG	NOT, NG	negation, negative (EX.NEG existential negation, ID.NEG identity negation)	[2][122][31][21]
	NEGAT	negatory, negator	[43][24]
	NEGF	final negator	[36]
	NEGN	negative nominalization	[24]
NEUT	NEUTR, NTR	neutral aspect	[22][57][98]
	NEX	non-extended	[48]
	NF	non-final form/marker (cf. non-feminine)	[103][27]
	NF	non-finite (cf. non-feminine)	[6]
	NFC	non-finite conditional	[16]
NFIN	NF cn?	non-finite (nonfinite verb, non-finite clause) (NF may be ambiguous with non-feminine)	[8]
	NFND	non-future neutral disjunct	[7]
	NFPD	non-future perfective disjunct	[7]
NH	NHUM, nH	non-human	[8][22][16]
	NM, NMASC	non-masculine	[1]
NMZ	NMLZ, NLZ, NOMZ, NOMZR, NM, NML, NMNL, NOM, NOMI, NOMIN, NOMN, NOML, NZR, NR, NZ	nominalizer/nominalization (e.g. PAT.NZ patient nominalizer)	[1][18][51][123][2][37][39][32][91][97][55][57][68][122][79][19][20][36]
NOM	NM	nominative case	[2][53]
	NOMS	S-only nominative (S case in tripartite system, = NTR)	[35]
	NONDUM	'not yet'	[16]
	NONIN	noninstigational	[38]
	N/P	neuter plural	[54]
	NP	noun particle (cf. NP 'noun phrase')	[19]
	NP	near past	[34]
	NPC	non-past completive	[54]
	NPDL	noun-phrase delimiter	[6]
	NPF	noun prefix	[6]
NPFV	IPFV, IPF, IMP, IMPFV, IMPERFV, IMPRF, IMPF	imperfective aspect	[2][14][103][18][61]
	NPOSS, UNPOSS	non-possessed (marker of unpossessed noun)	[79][19]
	NPP	non-past progressive	[54]
	NR	near (as in NR.DIST 'near distal')	[71]
	NS	non-subject (see oblique case)	[74]
	NS	non-singular	[1]
	NSIT, NEWSIT	new situation	[21][79]
	NSP	non–speech-participant perspective (cf. NSP non-specific)	[21]
	NTEL, ATEL, AT	atelic	[79][30]
	NTL	neutral direction	[7]
NTR	INTR cn?, INTRANS, ITR	intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument, = NOMS)	[2][26][16]
	NTS	non-topical subject	[55]
NUM	NUMV	numeral, numerative (NUM.CL numeral classifier)	[33][16][19][124]
	NV	neutral version (cf. SBV subjective version)	[101]
	NVEXP	nonvisual experiential (evidential)	[19]
NVIS	INVIS, NVSEN	non-visual (evidential: NVSEN non-visual sensory); invisible (deixis)	[22][23][35]
	NVN	nominal cyclical expansion (cf. VNV)	[48]
NVOL	AVOL, INVOL	nonvolitional, avolitional, involuntative/involitive	[51][19][47][16][37]
	NW	non-witnessed	[101]
	NX.PST (= UWPST)	non-experienced past	[81]
	-O	object(ive) (ABLO objective ablative, EVITO objective evitative), 3mO 3m object, 2SG.O 2sg object	[43][37][4]
OBJ	OBJV, OB	object(ive), object agreement (TOP.OB topical object); objective case	[33][8][15][20]
OBL	O	oblique case, oblique form of pronoun	[2][72]
	OBS	observation	[21]
OBV		obviative	[59][8]
	OFC	object focus. = O.FOC or P.FOC	[81]
	OINV	inverted object	[101]
	OM	object marker	[18]
ONOM		onomatopoeia	[68][19]
	OP	object prefix	[6]
	OPP	opposite	[61]
OPT		optative mood (= DES)	[33]
	OR	orientation (direction) marker	[19][21]
	OR	open reference (not specifically DS or SS)	[35]
ORD		ordinal numeral	[8]
	ORD	ordinary	[125]
ORIG		origin, originative	[43][23][54]
	OS	oblique stem	[16]
	OS	onstage region	[36]
	OTHER	non-main speech-act participant (= 2nd or 3rd persion in assertions, 1st or 3rd in questions)	[21]
	OUT	outward	[7]
	OV	objective version	[19]
	P	pre-, post- (P.HOD prehodiernal, P.CRAS postcrastinal)	[91]
	P	proper (as opposed to common: ABS.P absolutitive proper case; GEN.P genitive proper case. Cf. PERS personal (proper) article.	[82]
	P	previous (evidence)	[21]
	-P	possessor: 1P, 2P, 3fP, 3mP (1st, 2nd, 3rd masc & fem possessor). = 1POSS etc.	[37]
	P.ANT	past anterior	[6]
	P.IMP	plural imperative	[31]
	P/I	passive/imperative (= PAS/IMP)	[36]
PASS	PAS, PSS, PSV	passive voice	[2][36][11][48]
	PABS	past absolutive	[19]
	PAT	patientive (= UND) Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding, as it is not the value of a morphological category.[8]	[33]
PAUS		pausal, pause	[22][79]
PAU	PAUC, PA cn?, pc	paucal number (M.PAU or mpc masculine paucal, F.PAU or fpc feminine paucal; GPAUC greater paucal)	[8][35][25][71]
	PC	past completive	[54]
	PC	concord particle	[19]
	PC	perfective converb	[10]
	PCL	'polysemic clause linkage marker'	[7]
	PCP	(a) completive participle; (b) participatory evidence	[68][21]
	PDR	past, deferred realization	[19]
	PDS	previous event, different subject	[19]
	PE	perpetuity	[25]
	PE	previous event	[120]
-pe	PE	plural exclusive (= PL.EX)	[4][8]
PEG		pegative case (a special case for the giver)	[22]
PEJ		pejorative	[25][39]
PERAMB		perambulative	[71][32]
	PERI	peripheral	[93]
PERL	PER cn?, PRL	perlative case	[8][54][48]
PERM		permission, permissive mood	[59]
	PERM	permanent	[6]
PERS	P	personal (PERS.EV personal evidential / personal experience, PERS.AG personal agency, PERS.EXP personal experience); personal/proper article (= PERS.ART); 'personal' affix (= 4th person)	[33][82][89][58][98]
	PERS, PERSIS	persistive	[55][79][20]
	PERSE	personal experience (= PERS.EV)	[26]
	PERT	pertensive	[1]
	PERV	pervasive	[79]
PFV	PF, PERFV	perfective aspect	[2][69][26]
	PHAB	past habitual	[54]
	PHAS	phasal aspect	[68]
-pi	PI	plural inclusive (= PL.IN)	[4][8]
	PIMPF	progressive imperfective	[citation needed]
	PIMPV	past imperfective	[77]
	PINF	physical inferential	[19]
	PK	personal knowledge	[1]
PL	p, PLUR	plural (but 1PL also 1p, 3PL.M also 3mp)	[2][46]
PLUP	PLU, PPRF, PPERF, PLUPERF, PLUPRF, PLPF, PLPERF, PPF[citation needed]	pluperfect	[33][93][28][8][22][16][46][19]
PLUR, VPL	PLU, PLR, PL, PLURAC	pluractional (= VPL verbal plural)	[55][49][81][37][32]
	PM	predicate marker	[18]
	PN, PROPN, PR cn	proper noun/name, personal name (e.g. PN.DET proper-noun determiner)	[80][21]
PO		primary object	[8]
	PO	patient-orientated verb	[54]
	PODIR	postdirective (= postlative)	[12]
POEL	POSTEL	postelative case	[12]
POESS	POSTE, POSTESS	postessive case ('after')	[12][51][57][17]
POL		polite register	[33]
	POS	positive	[1]
POSS	POS, PO, PSR	possessive, possessor (2POSS 2nd-person possessive; POSS.CL possessive classifier)	[2][14][20][1]
POSB	POSSB, POSSIB	possible, modal possibility	[59][77][56]
	POSSD	possessed	[23]
POST	PO-	postlocative (behind). May be equivalent to POSTESS or POSTL. Compounded for POSTE(SS) (POESS), POSTL(AT) (PODIR), POSTEL (POEL) etc. if a single morpheme, as POST-ESS, POST-LAT or POST-DIR, POST-ELA etc. if not.	[42][16][3][12]
	POST, POSTP	postposition, postpositional case	[59]
	POST	post-terminal aspect	[19]
POSTL	PODIR, POSTLAT, POSTDIR	postlative case, or 'postdirective'	[12][17]
POT	POTEN cn?	potential mood (cf. VER)	[33][8]
	PP	(a) predicative possessive particle; (b) present progressive; (c) past perfect; (d) pragmatic particle	[62][27][1][7]
	PPA	active perfect participle	[18]
	PPAST	post-terminal past	[19]
	PPF	perfect participle	[21]
	PPFV	past perfective (= perfect)	[77]
	PPP	(a) past passive participle; (b) past perfect participle	[15][18]
PPRT	PP, PPT, [cn] PPART, PASTP [cn]	passive participle, past participle	[81][10][78]
	PPS	pseudo-passive	[48]
	PR	pragmatic (in PR.PART pragmatic particle)	[1]
	PRC	precedence	[48]
PREC		precative mood (requests)	[8]
	PREC, PRECON	precondition (PRECA athematic precondition, PRECT thematic precondition)	[43][24]
	PREC, PRE	precise, precision	[25][21]
PRED		predicative affix, predicative	[2][12][23]
	PREDICT	prediction	[89]
PREP		preposition, prepositional case	[33]
PRET	PRT	preterite (= PFV.PST)	[2][1]
	PREV	previous (in evidentials)	[19]
	PREVEN	preventive	[19]
PRF	PFT, PF, PERF	perfect	[33][55][51][8][61][2]
	PRFRM, PERFORM	performative	[38][79]
	PRIOR, PR	prior, preceding	[43][6]
PRIV	PRV, PRVT	privative case	[8][51][16]
PRO	PN, PRN, PRON	pronominal base, (PRO only) proform	[33][22][55][68]
PROB	PB	probabilitive	[91][19]
	PROCOMP	procomplement	[19]
	PROD	product verbalizer	[19]
PROG	PRG, PROGR	progressive aspect	[2][68][102]
PROH	PRH, PROHIB	prohibitive mood ('don't!')	[2][33][48][19]
PROL	PROLAT, PRL	prolative case (= VIA)	[8][22][16]
	PROL	prolonged action	[119]
PROP	PROPR	proprietive case (quality of having X)	[59][8][73][43][6]
	PROP	proper-noun marker	[6][82]
	PROPOS, PROP	propositive mood (inclusive jussive)	[125][11]
PROS	PROSEC	prosecutive case ('across', 'along')	[126][79]
PROSP	PROS, PRSP cn?	prospective aspect or mood (PPROS past prospective)	[8][97][57][7]
PROT		protasis	[91]
	PROV	pro-verb	[10]
PROX	PX, PRX	proximal demonstrative; proximate (e.g. PROX.IMP proximate imperative)	[2][31][19][102]
	PRP	property predication	[7]
PRS	PRES, PR	present tense	[2][61][1]
	PRSC	prescriptive	[62]
	PRSV	presentative	[36]
	ps-	pseudo: psAP pseudo-antipassive, psPASS pseudo-passive	[28]
	PS	passing state	[25]
	PS	passé simple	[19]
	PS	undergoer (patient-role subject)	[4]
	PSA	previous same agent of v.t. (PSS previous same subject)	[68]
	PSS	previous event, same subject of v.i. (PSA previous same agent); PSSI and PSST previous event, same subject of v.i. and v.t.	[68][19]
	PSSM, PSSD	possessum (impersonal), possessed	[49][51]
	PSSR	possessor	[65]
PST	PAST, PA, PS, P, PAS	past tense (e.g. PINDEF past indefinite, MPST modal past, SPST simple past)	[2][54][1][19][32][7]
	PSTN	past nominalization	[24]
	PST.PR	past/present (different readings on different word classes)	[31]
	PT	potent case inflection	[23]
	PTCL, PRT, PTC, PT, PTL, PCL, PART	particle (Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding this and instead translating/glossing the meaning.),[8] particalizer	[59][33][78][12][13][48][42]
PTCP	PART, PCP, PPL, PTP, PPLE, PRTC, PTCPL, PARTIC, PARTICIP, P	participle, participial (mood)	[2][33][11][8][13][42][26][48][103][21][18][79]
	PTH	path	[21]
PTV	PRTV, PAR, PART, PRT, PTT, PARTVE	partitive case	[33][8][13][61][35][19]
PUNC	PUNCT, PNC, PU, PNCL, PCT, PNCT	punctual aspect, punctiliar	[6][59][8][14][38][25][35][36]
PRP	PURP, PUR	purposive case/converb (NPRP non-purposive)	[35][2][102]
PV	PF, PT, OV	patient/object voice/focus/trigger[is Starosta 'object focus' true focus, not voice?]	[82][7][84][83][72]
	PV	pivot form/nominal	[54]
	PV	possessive verbalizer	[21]
PVB	PREV, PRV, PV	preverb	[22][59]
	PVP	post-verbal particle (only particle so glossed)	[98]
	PX	possessive suffix	[58]
Q	QST, QUES, QUEST, QP	question word or particle (= INT)	[2][48][14][74]
	QM	quantity marker	[26]
	QU, QM, QM	question marker (usually = Q)	[2][36][74]
QUAL		qualifier	[69][55]
QUANT	QNT	quantifier	[33][16][87]
QUOT	QUO, QT	quotative (quotative case, quotative mood, quotation marker)	[2][122][1]
	QV	quotative verb	[100]
	R	rational gender (thinking beings) (R.SG or rs rational singular, R.PL or rp rational plural)	[citation needed]
-R		reflexive (e.g. 3R 3rd-person reflexive)	[48]
	R-	relational (prefix on case abbreviation)	[24]
	R.EXT, RT.EXT	root extension	[16][6]
	R/A	realis/assertive	[23]
	RA	repeated action	[19]
	RA	relative agreement	[20]
RAR		raritive	[57]
	RE	refactive	[16]
	REA	reactive (responding)	[48]
REAL	RLS, RL, R	realis mood	[8][49][81][55]
REC	RCT, R	recent, recent past (REC.PST, REC.P recent past tense, R.PRF recent perfect)	[8][19][35][7]
	REC	receptive	[70]
RECP	RCP, RECIP, RECIPR, REC	reciprocal voice	[2][43][36][61]
	RED, RDP, REDUP, RDPL, DUP[citation needed]	reduplication, reduplicant (avoid if possible; instead gloss with meaning of reduplicated element)	[59][22][23][81]
REF	RFR	referential, referentive	[41][74][20][51]
REFL	RFL, RFLX, REFLX, REF, RFLEX, RX, R	reflexive (reflexive pronoun/possessive, reflexive voice; 'R' used with person-number-gender)	[2][66][65][91][54][31][4][56][48]
REG		regal (e.g. pronouns)	[37]
	REG	regularity	[48]
REGR	REG	regressive	[1][37]
REL	R	(a) relative clause marker (RELZ relativizer); (b) relative pronoun affix; (c) relational (REL.CL relational classifier) (d) relative case (possessor + A role) (e) e.g. PAST.REL relative past	[2][15][26][46][1][19][4][35]
	REL.FUT	relative future	[89]
	RELEV	relevance	[89]
REM	RM, RMT	remote: REM.PST or REM.P or REMP remote past tense, REM.FUT or REM.F or REMF remote future tense; also REM remote past tense	[59][8][21][41][18][1][35]
REP	REPET, RPT	(a) repetitive aspect (cf ITER) (b) repetitive numeral (c) repeated word in repetition	[8][33][16][17][1][87]
RES	RESU, RESULT	resultative (RES.N resultative noun)	[2][122][79][17]
	RES	resignative	[21]
	RESID	residue class	[93]
	RETURN	returnative	[6]
	REV	revisionary	[1]
	RF	referential-focus	[72]
	RLN	relational	[20]
	RSM, RES[citation needed]	resumptive marker, resumptive pronoun	[55]
RESP		respect	[59]
	RESP	responsive	[89]
RET	RETRO	retrospective (recollection; synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) (PRETRO past retrospective)	[97][7]
REV		reversative, reversive	[25][103][6]
	REV	reverential	[21]
	R/M	reflexive/middle voice	[37]
	RM	relative marker	[79]
	RNR	result nominalizer	[19]
ROOT	R, $	(empty tag to mark second element of a divided root)	[2][16][28]
ROY		royal (e.g. pronouns)	[37]
	RP	(a) recent past, = REC.PST (b) remote past, = REM.PST	[38][27]
	RP	reflexive-possessive	[21]
	RPC	remote past continuous	[54]
	RPI	remote past inferred	[51]
	RPR	remote past reported	[51]
	RPST	remote past	[93]
RPT	RPRT, REP, RPR, REVID	reported evidential (= HSY); reportative	[32][8][33][89][68][19][51][48][21][7]
	RPV	remote past visual	[51]
RQ	RHET, RQT	rhetorical question	[16][25][82][48]
	R/R, RR, R	reflexive/reciprocal	[77][68][127]
	RSN	reason	[65]
RST	REST, RES, RSTR	restrictive (restrictive numeral, adverbial)	[70][120][10][7][34]
	RT	roundtrip	[6]
RV[citation needed]	RF	reason voice/focus/trigger	[7]
	-S	subjective (ABLS subjective ablative, EVITS subjective evitative), 3fS 3f subject	[43][37]
	SA	speaker authority (cf. AA)	[21]
	SAA	speaker-addressee authority	[21]
	SAL	salient	[25]
SAP		speech-act participant (cf. MSAP)	[28]
SBEL	SUBEL	subelative case ('from under')	[12]
	SBEN	self-benefactive	[63]
SBESS	SUBE cn?, SUBESS	subessive case ('under')	[12][8]
SBJ	SUBJ, S, S/A, SBJT, SJ	subject case, subject agreement (NSBJ non-subject)	[2][33][61][68][128][19]
	SBV, SUBJ	subjective, subjective speaker perspective	[101][70]
SCEP		sceptical	[89]
	SD	sudden-discovery tense	[19]
	SDS	simultaneous event, different subject	[19]
SE		same event (cf SS) (SE.DA same event, different argument/subject)	[104][25]
SEC		second-hand (SEC.EV secondhand evidential, IMP.SEC secondhand imperative)	[89][19]
SEJ		sejunct (opposite of conjunct)	[43]
SEM	SMLF, SEMEL	semelfactive aspect ('once')	[129][8][35]
	SEM	special evaluative marker	[21]
SEN	SNS, SENS, SENS.EV	sensory evidential mood, = VIS+AUD (NVSEN non-visual sensory)	[35][21][8][19]
SEP		spatial separation, separative	[16][1]
SEQ	SQ	sequential	[59][8][1]
SER		serial marker	[15][23]
	SF	subject focus	[19]
	SF	stem formation	[51]
	SF	sentence-final marker	[21]
	SFN	softener	[48]
	SFOC	sentence focus	[54]
	SFP, SFS	sentence-final particle/suffix	[19][7]
SG	s, SING	singular (but 1SG also 1s, 3SG.M also 3ms)	[2][46]
SGV	SGT, SING, SINGL, SGLT	singulative number, singulative nominal	[8][49][55][1]
	SH	subject honorific	[97]
SIM	SIMUL	simultaneous aspect, simultaneity	[57][59][8][15][120]
SIMV	SIM, SML	similative (e.g. plural based on prototypical member of group)	[57][15][120][16]
	sIN	singular intransitive action	[19]
	SINV	inverted subject	[101]
SIT		situative (situational aspect)	[30][79]
SJV	SBJV, SUBJ, SUBJV, SUB, SB, SU	subjunctive mood (SUB and SUBJ may be ambiguous with 'subject')	[27][2][33][18][79][1][101][32][36][19]
SKT	KST[citation needed]	suck-teeth (= kiss-teeth)	[87]
	SL	same level (spatial deixis)	[93]
	SM	series marker	[16]
SMBL	SEMBL	semblative	[23][66][43]
	SMI	semeliterative	[1]
	SMR	same reference	[1]
	SO	same object	[1]
SOC		(a) sociative case (socialis); (b) sociative causative	[56][79][120]
SP	SPC, SPEC, SPCF, SPECFC	specific, specifying (NSP, NSPC, NSPEC nonspecific: cf. also NSP entry)	[8][87][38][62][72][28]
	SP	sentence particle (= FP). See usage note at particle and FP.	[91][87]
	SP	simple past,[citation needed] perfective past	[81]
	SP	subject prefix	[6]
	SP	speaker: SP.PROX speaker-proximate, DEM.SP demonstrative near speaker	[23][16]
	SPAT	spatial	[95]
SPECFR	SPEC	specifier	[33][38]
SPECL	SPEC	speculative mood	[19][33]
SPKR		speaker-anchored, speaker perspective	[63][21]
	SPL	spotlighting	[48]
	SPONT	spontaneous	[112]
	SR	(a) same referent, (b) switch reference	[23][70]
	SRC, SO	source	[51][56]
	SRP	self-reporting pronoun	[100]
SS	SA	same-subject/actor/argument marker (cf SE)	[59][8][41][25]
	SSO	same-subject overlap ('while')	[31]
	SSS	same-subject succession ('then')	[31]
	SSS	simultaneous event, same subject (SSSI of intransitive clause, SSST of transitive clause)	[19]
STAT	STV, ST, STA, STT	stative aspect, stative verb	[8][15][82][48]
STEM	ST, $	(empty tag to mark second element of a divided stem)	[2][80][28]
	STIM	stimulative	[38]
	STR	strong	[1]
SUB		sublocative (under). May be equivalent to SUBESS or SUBL. Compounded for SUBE(SS) (SBESS), SUBL(AT) (SBDIR), SUBEL (SBEL) etc. if a single morpheme, as SUB-ESS, SUB-LAT or SUB-DIR, SUB-ELA etc. if not.	[42][16][3][12]
	SUB, SUBV[citation needed]	subitive.	[40]
SUBL	SBDIR, SUBLAT, SUBDIR	sublative case ('down under'), also 'subdirective'	[78][12][17]
SUBR	SUB, SUBORD, SBRD, SR	subordinator ('that'), subordinate	[33][19][59][20][8][65][51]
	SUBS	subsequent	[6][98]
	SUBSEC	subsecutive mood	[79]
	SUBST	substitutive	[16]
	SUBZ,[citation needed] SBST	substantivizer (= nominalizer)	[57][26]
	SUC	successive ('then')	[7]
	SUG	suggestive mood	[79]
SUP		supine	[33]
SUP	[dbl check next]	superlative (most: cf. super-lative, super-essive)	[8]
	SUP, SUPL cn?, SUPPL	supplicative, supplication	[33][6]
SUPEL	SREL, SUPEREL	superelative case ('from on top of', 'from above')	[57][12]
SUPER	SUP-, SPR	superlocative. May be equivalent to SUPERESS or SUPERL. Compounded for SUPERE(SS) (SUPESS), SUPERL(AT) (SUPDIR), SUPEREL (SUPEL), SUPERABL etc. if a single morpheme, as SUPER-ESS, SUPER-LAT or SUPER-DIR, SUPER-ELA etc. if not.	[42][16][3][12][75]
SUPESS	SUP, SUPE cn?, SRESS, SPRESS, SUPER, SUPERESS cn?	superessive case ('above'; 'on')	[8][33][30][12][16][28]
SUPL	SUPLAT, SUPDIR, SRDIR, SPR	super-lative, superdirective ('to above')	[8][33][12][78][61][17]
SUPP	PSUP, PRESUPP	suppositive, presuppositive, presumptive, suppositional, presupposition	[19][21][79][24]
	SURP	surprise	[82]
	SVC	serial verb construction	[119]
	SW	switch	[70]
	SYM	symmetric	[21]
-T		trigger (used for AT, PT, GT etc.) [old fashioned; 'voice' is now standard]	[83]
	-T	thematic (TAMT thematic tense-aspect-mood, ANTT thematic antecedent, etc.)	[43]
	T, TMP	temporal	[19][6]
TA	T/A	tense/aspect	[15][66][57]
TAG		tag question	[16][7]
TAM	TMA	tense–aspect–mood	[15][80][87]
TAMP		tense–aspect–mood plus person/number	[130]
TEL		(a) telic aspect (cf PFV) (A:TEL anticipatory telic, C:TEL culminatory telic) (b) contrastive emphasis	[131][55][23][1]
TEMP	TEM	temporal case; temporal converb	[33][78][101]
	TEMP	temporarily	[6]
	TENS	number of tens (in a numeral)
TENT		tentative	[57][51]
TER	TERM, TERMIN	terminative ~ terminalis ('up to') (case, aspect)	[33][78][79]
	TERM	non-subject	[19]
	TH, THM, THEM, THEMAT	thematic element (e.g. thematic consonant, suffix); theme	[15][43][16][101][119][24][36]
	TJ	trajector	[54]
TKN		teknonym	[48]
	TM-	tense marker: TMhrs, TMdays, TMyrs for events hours, days, years ago	[37]
	TND	tendency	[48]
TNS	T, TENS, TS	tense Lehmann (2004) recommends avoiding this and specifying the tense.[8]	[33][66][23][19]
TOP	TP, TPC	topic marker (TOPP topical patientive)	[2][41][22][55]
	TOPZ, TOPR	topicalizer	[61]
TOT		totalitative, totality	[15][25]
TR	TRANS, TRNS	transitive verb (TRZ, TRR transitivizer); transitive case (rare)	[2][61][51]
	TR	transitional sound	[55]
	TR	trajector	[36]
	TRANSF, TRNSF	transformative case ('becoming', dynamic equiv. of essive)	[22][8]
	TRANSP	(transposition of deictic zero away from ego, e.g. 'uphill' from an object rather than from the speaker)	[132]
TRANSL	TRA, TRAL, TRANS, TRNSL, TRANSLV cn?, TRANSLAT, TRLtranslative, TSLtranslocative	(a) translative case (becoming, into); (b) translocative (across; may be compounded for e.g. ANT-TRANS pass in front of, POST-TRANS pass behind, SUB-TRANS pass under)	[8][33][65][78][16][3][30][6]
TRI	TRL, TR	trial number	[35][8][4]
	TRIP	retriplication [note: usually best to gloss with the meaning and ⟨~⟩]	[133]
	TRM	transmutative	[65]
TRN		transnumeral (neither SG nor PL)	[55][18]
	TRPOSS	transfer of possession	[22]
TRZ	TZ	transitivizer	[81][18]
	TS	(a) thematic suffix; (b) tense	[16][19]
	TV	thematic vowel	[81][32]
TVF		truth-value focus	[74]
	U	uninflected (AUX.U uninflected auxiliary)	[91]
	UA	unit augmented	[23]
	UC	upcoast	[citation needed]
	UF	uncertain future	[100]
	UGR, UG, UND, U cn?	undergoer role (cf PAT)	[8][41][66][2][102][70]
	UH	uphill, inland (= AFW. cf UR.)	[citation needed]
	UL	upper level (spatial deixis)	[93]
	UNCERT	uncertain mood	[79]
	UNIF	unified	[4]
UNSP	UNSPEC	unspecified (person, tense)	[15][8][55][23]
	UNW	'unwillingness' marker	[80]
	UP	upward	[7]
UR		upriver (cf UH away from the water)	[74]
	USIT	usitative, for usual, customary or typical events	[66][54]
UTIL		utilitive	[43]
UV	UF	undergoer voice/focus/trigger (= { PV + LV + CV })	[82][134]
	UV	uncertain visual	[21]
	UWPST	unwitnessed past	[101]
	V	viewer	[36]
-V		trigger (used for AV, PV, LV, CV etc.)	[citation needed]
	VA	verbal adjective	[19]
	VAI	intransitive animate verb	[90]
VAL		valency-increasing; valence marker	[15][28]
	VAL	validator	[79][32]
VB	V	verbal (as a gloss in VBZ, VZ verbalizer, VPL verbal plural = PLUR, VCL verb class, VD verbal dative, VALL verbal allative, etc.)	[33][8][73][120][24]
VBZ	VBLZ, VBLZR, VERB, VERBL, VBZR, VLZ, VR, VZ	verbalizer	[1][123][6][64][8][81][61][7][51][32]
	VESPERT	vespertinal (in the evening)
	VCL	verb class marker / classifier	[23]
	VCO	voluntary comitative	[68]
Vd	VD, v.d.	verb, ditransitive (e.g. as a covert category)	[135]
VE	VEG	vegetable (food) gender. Some authors distinguish VE gender from VEG food affix.[23]	[66]
VEN	VENT	venitive/ventive (coming towards; cf andative)	[8][28][79][6]
VER		veridical, veridical mood (certain conditional; cf. POT)	[74]
	VERIF	verificative	[38][16]
	VERS	versionizer; versative	[16][75]
VERT		vertical classifier	[22][55][19]
Vi	VI, v.i.	verb, intransitive (e.g. as a covert category)	[135]
VET		vetitive / vetative mood	[136][137]
VIA		vialis case	[65][71]
	VII	intransitive inanimate verb	[90]
VIRT		virtual mode	[138]
VIS	VS, VEVID	(a) visual evidential (PRES.VIS present visual, VIS.P previous visual evidence); (b) visible (demonstrative, e.g. 3vis)	[22][55][8][70][7]
	VLOC	verbal locative	[21]
VN		verbal noun	[22][14]
	VNV	verbal cyclical expansion (cf. NVN)	[48]
VOC		vocative case	[2]
VOL		volitive mood; volitional (cf. AVOL avolitional)	[114][120]
	VP	verbal particle	[19]
Vr	VR, v.r.	verb, reflexive (e.g. as a covert category)	[135]
	VSM	verb-stem marker	[68][23]
Vt	VT, v.t.	verb, transitive (e.g. as a covert category)	[135][15]
	VTA	transitive animate verb	[90]
	VTI	transitive inanimate verb	[90]
	WH.EX	exclamatory wh- clause ('what a ...!')	[citation needed]
	WH	interrogative pronoun (wh-word), wh- agreement	[57][16]
WHQ	WH.Q	wh- question	[16][139][20]
WIT		witnessed evidential (cf. EXP)	[38][16]
	WP, WPST	witnessed past	[81][101]
X	?	(unidentified morpheme)	[32][31]
	YNQ, PQ, P.INT, PI	yes–no question, polar question/interrogative (e.g. PC vs CQ)	[139][16][19][1]
	-Z	-(al)izer (e.g. ADJZ adjectivizer, NZ nominalizer, TRZ transitivizer, VBZ verbalizer)
ZO		zoic gender (animals)	[140]

Kinship

It is common to abbreviate grammatical morphemes but to translate lexical morphemes. However, kin relations commonly have no precise translation, and in such cases they are often glossed with anthropological abbreviations. Most of these are transparently derived from English; an exception is 'Z' for 'sister'. (In anthropological texts written in other languages, abbreviations from that language will typically be used, though sometimes the single-letter abbreviations of the basic terms listed below are seen.) A set of basic abbreviations is provided for nuclear kin terms (father, mother, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter); additional terms may be used by some authors, but because the concept of e.g. 'aunt' or 'cousin' may be overly general or may differ between communities, sequences of basic terms are often used for greater precision. There are two competing sets of conventions, of one-letter and two-letter abbreviations:^{[141][142][48][24][143]}

1-Letter Gloss	2-Letter Gloss	Meaning	Equivalent sequence of nuclear relations
A	Au	aunt	= MZ or FZ / MoSi or FaSi
B	Br	brother	[basic term]
C	Ch	child	= S or D / So or Da
	Cu	cousin	= MZD, MZS, MBD, MBS, FZD, FZS, FBD, FBS = MoSiDa, MoSiSo, MoBrDa, MoBrSo, FaSiDa, FaSiSo, FaBrDa, FaBrSo
D	Da	daughter	[basic term]
e, E	o, el	elder/older	(e.g. eB, eZ)[55]
Ego	ego	ego (center of reference)	(EgoE = one's spouse)
ex	ex	ex-	(e.g. exH, exW)
F	Fa	father	[basic term]
	F	female kin
G	Gr	grand-	e.g. GF = PF (MF or FF); GS = CS (SS or DS) e.g. GrFa = PaFa (MoFa or FaFa); GrSo = ChSo (SoSo or DaSo)
	Gen	generation	(see below)
H	Hu	husband	[basic term]
LA	La	-in-law	e.g. BLA = WB or HB or ZH / BrLa = WiBr or HuBr or SiHu
M	Mo	mother	[basic term]
	M	male kin
	Ne	nephew	= BrSo or SiSo
	Ni	niece	= BrDa or SiDa
P	Pa	parent	= M or F / Mo or Fa
S	So	son	[basic term]
SI, G	Sb	sibling	= B or Z / Br or Si
SP, E	Sp	spouse	= H or W / Hu or Wi
	st	step-
U	Un	uncle	= MB or FZ / MoBr or FaBr
W	Wi	wife	[basic term]
y, Y	y, yo	younger	(e.g. yB, yZ)
Z	Si	sister	[basic term]
(m.s.)	(m.s.)	male speaking	(when kin terms differ by gender of speaker)
(f.s.)	(f.s.)	female speaking	(when kin terms differ by gender of speaker)
μ	♂	male ego	(when kin terms differ by gender of the person they are related to)
φ	♀	female ego	(when kin terms differ by gender of the person they are related to)
∥	∥	parallel	(across a brother–brother or sister–sister link)
+	+	cross	(across a brother–sister link)
os	os	opposite sex (of ego)	(some langs distinguish siblings of the same and opposite gender from the ego; e.g. for some Tok Pisin speakers, a woman's susa (osSb, from English 'sister') is her brother and her brata (ssSb, from English 'brother') is her sister)
ss	ss	same sex (as ego)	cf. os (opposite sex) above

These are concatenated, e.g. MFZS = MoFaSiSo 'mother's father's sister's son', yBWF = yBrWiFa 'younger brother's wife's father'. 'Elder/older' and 'younger' may affix the entire string, e.g. oFaBrSo (an older cousin – specifically father's brother's son), MBDy (a younger cousin – specifically mother's brother's daughter) or a specific element, e.g. MFeZS 'mother's father's elder sister's son', HMeB 'husband's mother's elder brother'.

'Gen' indicates the generation relative to the ego, with ∅ for the same (zero) generation. E.g. Gen∅Ch (child of someone in the same generation, i.e. of a sibling or cousin); ♂Gen+1F (female one generation up, i.e. mother or aunt, of a male); Gen−2M (male two generations down, i.e. grandson or grandnephew).

'Cross' and 'parallel' indicate a change or lack of change in gender of siblings in the chain of relations. Parallel aunts and uncles are MoSi and FaBr; cross-aunts and uncles are FaSi and MoBr. Cross-cousins (+Cu) and parallel cousins (∥Cu) are children of the same. Parallel niece and nephew are children of a man's brother or woman's sister; cross-niece and nephew are the opposite. 'Elder' and 'younger' occurs before these markers: o∥Cu, y+Cu, and the gender of the ego comes at the very beginning, e.g. ♂o∥CuF, ♀y+CuM.

Literature

• Leipzig Glossing Rules
• Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax.
• Summary of case forms: Blake, Barry J. (2001) [1994]. Case (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–206.

Notes

1. The transcription and glossing of sign languages is in its infancy. Glossing is typically a sign-by-sign translation with almost no grammatical parsing. Some of the few standardized conventions are:
   A— (sign A held in its final position)
   A#B (A and B signed simultaneously)
   A^B (host-clitic combination)
   ____t (non-manual marking for topic)
   ____y/n (non-manual marking for polar question)
   IX or INDEX (3rd-person referents / pointing signs)^[1]
2. 3SG.N should be fully abbreviated to 3ns, rather than to *3nsg, to avoid confusion with 3NSG (3 non-singular).