List of grammatical cases

This is a list of grammatical cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension.

This list will mark the case, when it is used, an example of it, and then finally what language(s) the case is used in.

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Adessive case	close	near/at/by the house	Estonian \| Finnish^[1] \| Hungarian \| Lezgian \| Lithuanian \| Livonian \| Tlingit \| Tsez \| Kven
Antessive case	anterior	before the house	Dravidian languages^[2]
Apudessive case^[3]	adjacent	next to the house	Tsez
Inessive case	inside	inside the house	Basque \| Erzya \| Estonian \| Lithuanian \| Finnish^[4] \| Hungarian \| Ossetic \| Tsez \| Kven
Intrative case	between	between the houses	Limbu \| Quechua
Locative case	location	at/on/in the house	Armenian (Eastern) \| Azeri \| Bengali \| Belarusian \| Bosnian \| Chuvash \| Croatian \| Czech \| Gujarati \| Hungarian \| Inari Sámi \| Inuktitut \| Japanese^[5] \| Kashmiri \| Latin (restricted) \| Latvian \| Lithuanian \| Manchu \| Northern Sámi \| Polish \| Quechua \| Russian \| Sanskrit \| Serbian \| Skolt Sámi \| Slovak \| Slovene \| Sorbian \| Tamil \| Telugu \| Tlingit \| Turkish \| Ukrainian \| Uzbek (Note: the case in Slavic languages termed the "locative case" in English is actually a prepositional case.)
Pergressive case	vicinity	in the vicinity of the house	Kamu
Pertingent case	contacting	touching the house	Tlingit \| Archi
Postessive case	posterior	after the house	Lezgian \| Agul
Subessive case	under	under/below the house	Tsez
Superessive case	on the surface	on (top of) the house	Hungarian \| Ossetic \| Tsez \| Finnish^[6]

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative case	near or inside	away from the house	Albanian \| Armenian (Eastern) \| Armenian (Western) \| Azeri \| Chuvash \| Erzya \| Estonian \| Evenki \| Finnish^[1] \| Hungarian \| Inuktitut \| Japanese^[5] \| Latin \| Manchu \| Ossetic \| Quechua \| Tamil^[7] \| Sanskrit \| Tibetan \| Tlingit \| Tsez \| Turkish \| Uzbek \| Yukaghir
Adelative case	the vicinity	from near the house	Lezgian
Delative case	the surface	from (the top of) the house	Hungarian \| Finnish^[6]
Egressive case	marking the beginning of a movement or time	beginning from the house	Udmurt
Elative case	the interior	out of the house	Erzya \| Estonian \| Evenki \| Finnish^[4] \| Hungarian \| Kven
Initiative case	starting point of an action	beginning from the house	Manchu
Postelative case	movement from behind	from behind the house	Lezgian

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Allative case	in Hungarian and in Finnish: the adjacency in Estonian and in Finnish: the surface	to the house onto the house	Erzya \| Estonian \| Finnish^[1] \| Hungarian \| Inuktitut \| Japanese^[5] \| Kashmiri \| Lithuanian \| Manchu \| Tamil^[7] \| Tlingit \| Tsez \| Turkish \| Tuvan \| Uzbek \| Kven
Illative case	inside	into the house	Erzya \| Estonian \| Finnish^[4] \| Hungarian \| Inari Sámi \| Lithuanian \| Northern Sámi \| Skolt Sámi \| Tamil^[7] \| Tsez \| Kven
Lative case	near or inside	to/into the house	Erzya \| Finnish^[6] \| Quechua \| Tsez \| Turkish
Sublative case	the surface or below	on(to) the house/under the house	Hungarian \| Tsez \| Finnish^[6]
Superlative case	the top	on(to) the house/on top of the house	Northeast Caucasian languages: Bezhta \| Hinuq \| Tsez
Terminative case	marking the end of a movement or time	as far as the house	Chuvash \| Estonian \| Hungarian \| Japanese^[5] \| Manchu \| Quechua

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Perlative case	movement through or along	through/along the house	Evenki \| Tocharian A & B \| Warlpiri \| Yankunytjatjara
Prolative case (= prosecutive case, vialis case)	movement using a surface or way	by way of/through the house	Erzya \| Estonian (rare) \| Finnish (rare)^[6] \| Tlingit \| Greenlandic \| Inuktitut

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative case	specifying a time when and within	E.g.: eō tempore, "at that time"; paucīs hōrīs, "within a few hours".	Latin \| Armenian (Eastern) \| Armenian (Western) \| Finnish \| Turkish \| Kven
Accusative case	indicating duration of time known as the accusative of duration of time	E.g.: multos annos, "for many years"; ducentos annos, "for 200 years".	Latin \| German \| Esperanto \| Serbian \| Croatian \| Russian \| Turkish
Essive case	used for specifying days and dates	E.g.: maanantaina, "on Monday"; kuudentena joulukuuta, "on the 6th of December".	Finnish \| Estonian \| Kven
Limitative case	specifying a deadline	E.g.: 午後5時半までに (Gogo go-ji han made-ni) "by 5:30 PM"	Japanese^[5]
Temporal case	specifying a time	E.g.: hétkor "at seven" or hét órakor "at seven o'clock"; éjfélkor "at midnight"; karácsonykor "at Christmas".	Hungarian \| Finnish (rare)^[6]

List of grammatical cases

Location and movement

Location

Motion from

Motion to

Motion via

Time

Chart for review for the basic cases

Morphosyntactic alignment

Relation

Semantics

State

References

Wikiwand - on

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Absolutive case (1)	patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque \| Tibetan
Absolutive case (2)	patient, involuntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; he slipped	active-stative languages
Absolutive case (3)	patient; experiencer; instrument	he pushed the door with his hand and it opened	Inuktitut
Accusative case (1)	patient	he pushed the door and it opened	Akkadian \| Albanian \| Arabic \| Armenian (Eastern) \| Armenian (Western) \| Azeri \| Bosnian \| Croatian \| Czech \| Erzya \| Esperanto \| Faroese \| Finnish \| German \| Greek \| Hungarian \| Icelandic \| Inari Sámi \| Japanese^[5] \| Latin \| Latvian \| Lithuanian \| Northern Sámi \| Polish \| Romanian \| Russian \| Sanskrit \| Serbian \| Skolt Sámi \| Slovak \| Slovene \| Ukrainian \| Georgian \| Yiddish
Accusative case (2)	direct object of a transitive verb; made from; about; for a time	I see her	Inuktitut \| Persian \| Turkish \| Serbo-Croatian
Agentive case	agent, specifies or asks about who or what; specific agent that is subset of a general topic or subject	it was she who committed the crime; as for him, his head hurts	Japanese,^[5] Mongsen Ao^[8]
Direct case	direct subject or object of a transitive or intransitive verb	I saw her; I gave her the book.	Scottish Gaelic^[9] \| many languages with Austronesian Alignment.
Ergative case	agent; subject of a transitive verb	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque \| Chechen \| Dyirbal \| Georgian \| Kashmiri \| Samoan \| Tibetan \| Tlingit \| Tsez
Ergative-genitive case	agent, possession	he pushed the door and it opened; her dog	Classic Maya \| Inuktitut
Instructive	means, answers question how?	by means of the house	Estonian (rare) \| Finnish^[10]
Instrumental	instrument, answers question using what?	with the house	Armenian (Eastern) \| Armenian (Western) \| Belarusian \| Bosnian \| Croatian \| Czech \| Evenki \| Georgian \| Japanese^[5] \| Kashmiri \| Latvian \| Lithuanian \| Manchu \| Polish \| Russian \| Sanskrit \| Serbian \| Slovak \| Slovene \| Tsez \| Ukrainian \| Yukaghir
Instrumental-comitative case	instrument, in company	with the house	Chuvash \| Hungarian \| Tlingit
Nominative case (1)	agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb	he pushed the door and it opened	nominative–accusative languages (including marked nominative languages)
Nominative case (2)	agent; voluntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; she paused	active languages
Objective case (1)	direct or indirect object of verb	I saw her; I gave her the book.	Bengali \| Chuvash
Objective/Oblique (2)	direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive	I saw her; I gave her the book; with her.	English \| Swedish \| Danish \| Norwegian \| Bulgarian
Oblique case	all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative	concerning the house	Anglo-Norman^{[citation needed]} \| Hindi \| Old French \| Old Provençal \| Telugu \| Tibetan
Intransitive case (also called passive or patient case)	the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb	The door opened	languages of the Caucasus \| Ainu
Pegative case	agent in a clause with a dative argument	he gave the book to him	Azoyú Tlapanec

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Partitive case	used for amounts	three (of the) houses	Estonian \| Finnish^[12] \| Inari Sámi \| Russian \| Skolt Sámi \| Kven
Prepositional case	when prepositions precede the noun	in/on/about the house	Belarusian^† \| Czech^† \| Polish^† \| Russian \| Scottish Gaelic^‡ \| Slovak^† \| Ukrainian^† ^† This case is called lokál in Czech and Slovak, miejscownik in Polish, місцевий (miscevý) in Ukrainian and месны (miesny) in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers locative case. ^‡ The prepositional case in Scottish Gaelic is classically referred to as a dative case.
Vocative case	used for addressing, with or without a preposition	Hey, father! O father! Father!	Albanian (rare) \| Belarusian (rare) \| Bulgarian \| Bosnian \| Croatian \| Czech \| Georgian \| Greek \| Hindi \| Irish \| Japanese (literary or poetic) \| Scottish Gaelic \| Manx \| Itelmen \| Kashmiri \| Ket \| Latin \| Latvian \| Lithuanian \| Macedonian \| Nivkh \| Polish \| Romanian \| Russian (rare) \| Sanskrit \| Scottish Gaelic \| Serbian \| Slovak (rare) \| Telugu \| Ukrainian \| Nahuatl