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List of largest exoplanets

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List of largest exoplanets
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Below is a list of the largest exoplanets so far discovered, in terms of physical size, ordered by radius.

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Jupiter as seen by Voyager 1 in 1979. It is the largest planet having its surface resolved[1][2][3] and it is the largest planet in the Solar System.[4]

Limitations

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This list of extrasolar objects may and will change over time due to diverging measurements published between scientific journals, varying methods used to examine these objects, and the notably difficult task of discovering extrasolar objects in general. These objects are not stars, and are quite small on a universal or even stellar scale. Furthermore, these objects might be brown dwarfs, sub-brown dwarfs, or not even exist at all. Because of this, this list only cites the most certain measurements to date and is prone to change.

Maximum mass limitation

Different space organisations have different maximum masses for exoplanets. The NASA Exoplanet Archive (NASA EA) states that an object with a minimum mass lower than 30 MJ, not being a free-floating object, is qualified as an exoplanet.[5] On the other hand, the official working definition by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) allows only exoplanets with a maximum mass of 13 MJ, that are orbiting a host object at a mass ratio of less than 0.04.[6][7] For the purpose of the comparison of large planets, this article includes several of those listed by NASA EA up to the maximum 30 MJ with possible brown dwarfs among them of ≳ 13 MJ as stated by IAU.[8]

Classification of Sub-brown Dwarf and Rogue Objects

Sub-brown dwarfs are formed in the manner of stars, through the collapse of a gas cloud (perhaps with the help of photo-erosion) but that has a planetary mass, therefore by definition below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (~ 13 MJ).[7] However, there is no consensus amongst astronomers on whether the formation process should be taken into account when classifying an object as a planet.[9] Free-floating sub-brown dwarfs can be observationally indistinguishable from rogue planets, which originally formed around a star and were ejected from orbit. Similarly, a sub-brown dwarf formed free-floating in a star cluster may be captured into orbit around a star, making distinguishing sub-brown dwarfs and large planets also difficult. A definition for the term "sub-brown dwarf" was put forward by the IAU Working Group on Extra-Solar Planets (IAU WGESP), which defined it as a free-floating body found in young star clusters below the lower mass cut-off of brown dwarfs.[10]

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List

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The sizes are listed in units of Jupiter radii (RJ, 71 492 km). This list is designed to include all exoplanets that are larger than 1.6 times the size of Jupiter. Some well-known exoplanets that are smaller than 1.6 RJ (17.93 R🜨 or 114387 km) and are gas giant have been included for the sake of comparison.
For the exoplanets with uncertain radii that could be below or above the adopted cut-off of 1.6 RJ, see the list of exoplanets with uncertain radii.

More information Probably brown dwarfs (≳ 13 MJ) (based on mass), Probably sub-brown dwarfs (≲ 13 MJ) (based on mass and location) ...
More information Artist's impression, Artist's size comparison ...
More information Illustration, Name (Alternates) ...

Notes

  1. The measured radius from 2003 to 2006 was 696,342 ± 65 kilometers, calculated by timing transits of Mercury across the surface.[12] while some in 2018 measured 695,660 ± 140 kilometers which is consistent with helioseismic estimates.[13] To avoid confusion, International Astronomical Union set the solar radius to exactly 695700 km.[14]
  2. The best estimate mass is (1.988 475 ± 0.000 092) × 1030 kg.[11] Another estimate mass gave 1.988 420 × 1030 kg (based on the ratio of the mass of Earth to the Sun of 1332946).[15] To simplify the solar mass, International Astronomical Union set it to exactly 1.988 416 × 1030 kg.[14]
  3. Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K:
    .
  4. Using PMS evolutionary models and a potential higher age of 1 Myr, the luminosity would be lower, and the planet would be smaller. However, this would require for the object to be closer as well, which is unlikely. Another distance estimate to the Orion Nebula Cluster would result in a luminosity 1.14 times lower and also a smaller radius.
  5. Instead of a photo-evaporating disk it may be an evaporating gaseous globule (EGG). If so, it has a final mass of 2 - 28 MJ.[21]
  6. A calculated radius thus does not need to be the radius of the (dense) core.
  7. Proplyd 133-353 is proposed to have formed in a very low-mass dusty cloud or an evaporating gas globule as a second generation of star formation, which can explain both its young age and the presence of its disk.
  8. Based on the estimated temperature and luminosity via the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
  9. This radius estimate might have been affected by the planet's circumplanetary disk, as the spectrum not necessarily corresponds to a planet photosphere.
  10. Assuming elliptical orbit (most likely)
  11. Assuming circular orbit
  12. While inner binaries commonly use lower cases, planets also do use lower cases. For the case of 2M1510 inner binary, the binary is used as 2M1510AB.
  13. It is argued that Proxima d is confirmed because it could be detected via different methods of measuring the same radial velocity data from which Proxima d was discovered.[241] This should make Proxima System the nearest planetary system to host more than one planet. However, it is still considered a candidate exoplanet by its discoverers and the NASA Exoplanet Archive, because it has not been independently confirmed by more than one observatory.[242]
  14. Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure
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Candidates for largest exoplanets

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Exoplanets with uncertain radii

This list contains planets with uncertain radii that could be below or above the adopted cut-off of 1.6 RJ, depending on the estimate.

More information Probably brown dwarfs (≳ 13 MJ) (based on mass), Probably sub-brown dwarfs (≲ 13 MJ) (based on mass and location) ...
More information Direct imaging telescopic observation, Composite image of direct observations ...
More information Illustration, Name (Alternates) ...

Notes

  1. Converted from 25±4 R🜨.
  2. estimate
  3. 95% lower limit
  4. Hypothetical Planet Nine may be challenged by the discovery of 2017 OF201[389] which its orbit is anti-aligned to the calculated orbit of Planet Nine. The existence of 2017 OF201, which also means that there are likely many other similar objects that are just obscured from earth observation, challenges one of the leading arguments for Planet Nine, that its gravity causes trans-Neptunian objects to cluster into a distinct region.[390]
    It is suggested hypothetical Planet Nine would have ejected 2017 OF201 from its current orbit over times scales of less than 100 million years, though it could be in a temporary orbit.[389][391]
    Nevertheless, it is possible that Planet Nine's existence is still there as the simulations do not disprove Planet Nine.[392]

Unconfirmed exoplanets/objects

These planets are also larger than 1.6 times the size of the largest planet in the Solar System, Jupiter, but have yet to be confirmed or are disputed.
Note: Some data may be unreliable or incorrect due to unit or conversion errors and some objects are candidate exoplanets such as TOI-7081 b and TOI-7018 b[395]

More information Probably brown dwarfs (≳ 13 MJ) (based on mass), Probably sub-brown dwarfs (≲ 13 MJ) (based on mass and location) ...
More information Artist's impression, Direct imaging telescopic observation ...
More information Illustration, Name(Alternates) (Status) ...

Notes

  1. Its disk spans a radius of ~ 90 million kilometers (~ 1259 RJ).
  2. presents VLT/SPHERE, VLT/NaCo, VLT/SINFONI and JWST/NIRcam observations
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Chronological list of largest exoplanets

These exoplanets were the largest at the time of their discovery.
Present day: 27 July 2025

More information Identified to be a probable/confirmed brown dwarf (≳ 13 MJ) or a star (≳ 78.5 MJ), Assumed largest exoplanet, but later identified to be probable/confirmed brown dwarf (≳ 13 MJ) or a star (≳ 78.5 MJ) ...
More information Artist's impression, Artist's impression size comparison ...
More information . ...

Notes

  1. This radius estimate might have been affected by the planet's circumplanetary disk, as the spectrum not necessarily corresponds to a planet photosphere.
  2. Calculated using Rp/R multiplied by R. The value is later multiplied by (142984 km ÷ 1391400 km) to convert from R to RJ.
  3. convert to: 0.140 +0.038
    0.040
    M
  4. coverts to: 0.102 +0.019
    0.026
    M
  5. Based on the estimated temperature and luminosity via the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
  6. Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure
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See also

References

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