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Maneb
Chemical compound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Maneb (manganese ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate) is a fungicide and a polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis (dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand.[1]
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Health effects
Exposure to maneb can occur when breathed in; it can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat as well as cause headache, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, seizures and even unconsciousness. Prolonged or long-term exposure may interfere with the function of the thyroid. Exposure to maneb is also shown to induce a Parkinson's disease like neurotoxicity in mice.[2] It is still challenged whether maneb, along with Paraquat, is an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease.[3][4]
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Production
Manganese(II) ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) of low ethylenethiourea (ETU) content is prepared by mixing disodium ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) with formaldehyde in aqueous medium then mixing a water-soluble manganese(II) salt to precipitate the maneb. The product can be further formulated with a metal salt and also with paraformaldehyde. (See External links for the patent citation)
Applications
Maneb, is a broad spectrum fungicide that is extensively applied against a wide range of fungal pathogens affecting ornamental plants, food and feed crops. It can also be used to create a toxin-based animal model of Parkinson's disease, usually in primates.[5][6]
Environmental effects
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Environmental Impacts
Dithiocarbamates, commonly used as fungicides, can have significant environmental effects, particularly impacting aquatic life and potentially leading to neurotoxicity. They are known to be teratogenic in some species, and can cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. [7]
Aquatic Toxicity
Dithiocarbamates are toxic to aquatic organisms, with some studies showing them to be several orders of magnitude more toxic than their degradation product, ethylenethiourea (ETU).[8]
Teratogenicity
They can cause developmental abnormalities, particularly in fish, such as spinal curvature, notochord distortion, and shortened anterior-posterior axis. [9]
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress
Dithiocarbamates can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in various cell types, including dopaminergic cells and potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's. [10]
Neurotoxicity
Studies have shown that dithiocarbamates can be neurotoxic, and combined exposure with other pesticides like glyphosate can exacerbate these effects. [11]
Mental Accumulation
Exposure to dithiocarbamates can lead to increased levels of metals like copper, manganese, and zinc in cells and tissues. [12]
Environmental Persistence
While they are known to degrade relatively quickly in the environment through hydrolysis and photolysis, they can still be frequently detected in environmental and food samples. [13]
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Regulation
Maneb was included in a pesticide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency[14] and approved by the European Parliament on January 13, 2009.[15]
See also
- Metam sodium - A related dithiocarbamate salt which is also used as a fungicide.
- Zineb - ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) with zinc instead of manganese.
- Mancozeb - A common fungicide containing Zineb and Maneb.
References
External links
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