Moisei Uritsky

Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky (Ukrainian: Мойсей Соломонович Урицький; Russian: Моисей Соломонович Урицкий; 2 January [O.S. 14 January] 1873 – 30 August 1918), also known by his pen-name Boretsky (Russian: Борецкий) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia. After the October Revolution, he was the head of the Petrograd Cheka from January 1918 until his death on 30 August 1918. Uritsky was assassinated by Leonid Kannegisser, a military cadet, who was executed shortly afterwards.

Moisei Uritsky
Моисей Урицкий
Portrait by Moisey Nappelbaum [ru], 1918
Chief of Cheka of Petrograd city
In office March 10, 1918 – August 30, 1918
Preceded by	Position created
Succeeded by	Gleb Bokii
People's Commissar of the North Commune
Personal details
Born	(1873-01-02)January 2, 1873 Cherkasy, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	August 30, 1918(1918-08-30) (aged 45) Petrograd, Russian SFSR
Political party	RSDLP (1898–1903) Mensheviks (1903–1917) RCP (1917–1918)
Alma mater	St. Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev (1897)
Occupation	Chekist, political activist, and politician
Profession	Lawyer

Uritsky on a 1933 Soviet stamp

Family

Moisei Uritsky student at Bila Tserkva gymnasium circa 1883

Uritsky was born in the city of Cherkasy, then part of the Kiev Governorate, to a Jewish Litvak family. His father, a merchant, died when Moisei was little and his mother raised her son by herself. He attended the Bila Tserkva Gymnasium, supporting himself through teaching and became an active social democrat.^[1]

Early political career

Moisei Uritsky studied law at the St. Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev. During his studies he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and organized an underground network for importing and distributing political literature. In 1897, he was arrested and exiled for running an illegal mimeograph press. Becoming involved in the revolutionary movement, he participated in the revolutionary Jewish Bund. In 1903, he became a Menshevik. His activities in St Petersburg during the 1905 Revolution earned him a second term of exile. Along with Alexander Parvus, he was active in dispatching revolutionary agents to infiltrate the Imperial security apparatus.

Russian Revolution

In 1914, he emigrated to France and contributed to the Party newspaper Our Word edited by Leon Trotsky. Back in Russia after the February Revolution of 1917, Uritsky became a member of the Mezhraiontsy group. A few months before the October Revolution, he joined the Bolsheviks and was elected to their Central Committee in July 1917. Uritsky played a leading role in the Bolsheviks' armed take-over in October as a member of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, and was later made head of the Petrograd Cheka secret police in January 1918. In this position, Uritsky coordinated the pursuit and prosecution of members of the nobility, military officers, rival socialists, ranking Russian Orthodox Church clerics, and anyone who opposed the Bolsheviks.

Moisei Uritsky's internal exile in Arkhangelsk Governorate, circa 1906

Because Uritsky was against Lenin's Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, he resigned his post in 1918, like Bukharin, Bubnov, Piatakov, Dzerzhinsky and Smirnov. On March 4, 1918, the Petrograd committee published the first number of the journal Kommunist, the public organ of the "left communist" opposition, as directed by Radek and Uritsky. The Extraordinary Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which was held between March 6 and 8, 1918, rejected the Theses on the Present Situation that was submitted as a resolution by the "Left Communists". The "Left Communists" Lomov and Uritsky, who were elected to the Central Committee, stated at the Congress that they would not work in the Central Committee, and did not begin work there for several months in spite of insistent demands from the Central Committee.

On May 25, 1918, with the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion, the Russian Civil War began and Uritsky resumed his position on the Central Committee. An opponent of the death penalty, he nevertheless signed execution warrants approved by his Committee.^[2]

Assassination

Leonid Kannegisser, a young military cadet of the Imperial Russian Army, assassinated Uritsky on August 30 [O.S. August 17] 1918, outside the Petrograd Cheka headquarters in retaliation for the execution of his friend and other officers.^[3][4] Following this event, along with the assassination attempt on Lenin by Socialist Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan on August 30, the Bolsheviks began a wave of persecution known as the Red Terror. Palace Square in Petrograd was known as Uritsky Square from 1918 to 1944. There are still many streets named after him in Russia.

Uritsky was buried with honours on the Field of Mars in Petrograd on 2 September 1918.^[2]