Naxi language

Naxi (Naxi pronunciation: [nɑ˨˩ ɕi˧˧]), also known as Nakhi, Nasi, Lomi, Moso, or Mo-su, is a Sino-Tibetan language or group of languages spoken by approximately 310,000 Nakhi people, most of whom live in or around Yulong Naxi Autonomous County in the province of Yunnan in South China.

Naxi
Naqxi geezheeq
Native to	China
Region	Yunnan and Sichuan
Ethnicity	Nakhi, Mosuo
Native speakers	(350,000 cited 2000 census – 2010)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Loloish or Qiangic (?) Naic Naish Naxi
Writing system	Geba script or Dongba augmented with Geba, Latin script, Fraser script Simplified Chinese (Rare) Traditional Chinese (Rare)
Official status
Recognised minority language in	People's Republic of China
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: nxq – Naxi nru – Narua (Yongning Na)
Glottolog	naxi1245  Naxi naxi1246  additional bibliography yong1270  Narua
Distribution of Naxi speakers[2]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classification

See also: Naic languages

It is commonly proposed in Chinese scholarship that the Naic languages are Lolo-Burmese languages: for instance, Ziwo Lama (2012) classifies Naxi as part of a "Naxish" branch of Loloish.

However, as early as 1975, Sino-Tibetan linguist David Bradley pointed out that Naxi does not partake in the shared innovations that define Loloish.^[3] Thurgood and La Polla (2003) state that "The position of Naxi ... is still unclear despite much speculation" and leave it unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.^[4] Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud (2011)^[5] classify Naxi within the Naish lower-level subgroup of Sino-Tibetan; in turn, Naish is part of Naic, itself part of a proposed "Na-Qiangic" branch.

Dialects

Naxi in the broad sense (including Na/Mosuo) was initially split by the linguists He Jiren and Jiang Zhuyi into two major clusters, Western Naxi and Eastern Naxi.^[6]

Western Naxi (纳西语西部方言) is fairly homogeneous. It is spoken mainly in Lijiang, Zhongdian (Shangri-La), Weixi and Yongsheng counties. Smaller populations of Western Naxi speakers are found in Heqing, Jianchuan, Lanping, Deqin, Gongshan, Ninglang (in Bapijiang village 坝皮匠村, Yongning Township 永宁乡) Muli (in Eya 俄亚), Yanbian (Daoju 道咀) and Tibet (in Mangkang 芒康). There over 240,000 speakers total. Western Naxi consists of the Dayan, Lijiangba and Baoshanzhou dialects (He and Jiang 1985: 752).

• Dayan 大研镇: Within Lijiang County, this dialect is spoken in Dayan Town 大研镇 and also in Baishajie 白沙街, Shuhejie 束河街, Axi 阿喜, Daoxin 道新, Daoguzhai, 道古宅 and Guangzhai 光宅 by just over 50,000 people.
• Lijiangba 丽江坝: spoken mostly within Lijiang County, and in the counties of Zhongdian, Weixi, Yongsheng, Deqin, Gongshan, etc. by 180,000 people.
• Baoshanzhou 宝山州: spoken in Baoshan 宝山 and Guoluo 果洛 in Lijiang County by just over 10,000 people.

Eastern Naxi (纳西语东部方言), also known as 'Na', 'Mosuo' or 'Narua', consists of several mutually unintelligible varieties. It is spoken mainly in Ninglang, Yanyuan, Muli, and Yanbian counties. Eastern Naxi is also spoken by smaller populations in Yongsheng (in Zhangzidan 獐子旦), Weixi (in Qizong 其宗)^[7] and Lijiang (in Hailong 海龙 and Fengke 奉科^[8]) counties. There is a total of over 40,000 speakers (He and Jiang 1985: 754).

• Yongningba 永宁坝 (autonym: nɑ13 纳): spoken in Ninglang (in Yongningba 永宁坝^[9]) and Yanyuan. There is also a group of about 100 Naxi households in Weixi County who have the autonym mɑ33li55 mɑ33sɑ33. This language is referred to in English-language scholarship as Na or Narua.
• Beiquba 北渠坝 (autonym: nɑ33 xi33 纳恒): spoken in Ninglang (in Beiquba 北渠坝) and Yongsheng (in Xiaoping 哨平 and Zhangzidan 獐子旦).
• Guabie 瓜别 (autonym: nɑ33 zɯ33 纳汝): spoken in Yanbian (in Guabie 瓜别) and Muli (in Bo'ao 博凹 and Lie'ao 列凹).

Usage

According to the 2000 Chinese census, 310,000 people speak Nakhi, and 100,000 of those are monolingual. Approximately 170,000 speak Chinese, Tibetan, Bai, or English as a second language. Most speakers live in Yunnan, but some are in Sichuan and Tibet, and it is possible that some live in Myanmar.

The language is commonly spoken among Nakhi people in everyday life and the language is in little danger of dying out soon, although the written literacy is still a rare skill. The language can be written in the Geba syllabary, Latin script or Fraser alphabet, but they are rarely used in everyday life and few people are able to read Naxi. The 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the Fraser alphabet.

The three most common dialects are Lijiang, Lapao, and Lutien. Lijiang, which is spoken in the western parts of the language's range, is the most uniform of the three and it is heavily influenced by Standard Chinese and Yunnanese dialects, proved by its huge volume of loan words from Chinese. The eastern dialects are much more native^{[clarification needed]} and have many dialectal differences.

Phonology

The alphabet used here is the 1957 pinyin alphabet.^{[citation needed]}

Consonants

IPA and Naxi Pinyin orthography

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Retroflex	Alveolo- Palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			plain	sibilant
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩				ɲ ⟨ni⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p ⟨b⟩	t ⟨d⟩	ts ⟨z⟩	tʂ ⟨zh⟩	tɕ ⟨j⟩	c ⟨?⟩	k ⟨g⟩	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩	tsʰ ⟨c⟩	tʂʰ ⟨ch⟩	tɕʰ ⟨q⟩	cʰ ⟨?⟩	kʰ ⟨k⟩
	voiced	b ⟨bb⟩	d ⟨dd⟩	dz ⟨zz⟩	dʐ ⟨rh⟩	dʑ ⟨jj⟩	ɟ ⟨?⟩	ɡ ⟨gg⟩
	prenasalized	ᵐb ⟨nb⟩	ⁿd ⟨nd⟩	ⁿdz ⟨nz⟩	ⁿdʐ ⟨nr⟩	ⁿdʑ ⟨nj⟩	ᶮɟ ⟨?⟩	ᵑɡ ⟨mg⟩
Fricative	voiceless	f ⟨f⟩		s ⟨s⟩	ʂ ⟨sh⟩	ɕ ⟨x⟩		x ⟨h⟩
	voiced	v ⟨v⟩		z ⟨ss⟩	ʐ ⟨r⟩	ʑ ⟨y⟩		ɣ ⟨w⟩
Vibrant			r ⟨?⟩
Approximant		ɥ ⟨iu⟩	l ⟨l⟩				j ⟨i⟩	w ⟨u⟩

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	y		ɯ	u
Mid	e		ə	o
Open			a	ɑ
Syllabic	v̩

In the Lijiang dialect, there are nine vowels as well as syllabic /v̩/: /i, e, a, ɑ, y, ɯ, ə, o, u/, written i, ei, ai, a, iu, ee, e, o, u. There is also a final /əɹ/, written er.

Tones

There are four tones: high level, mid-level, low level (or falling), and, in a few words, high rising. The tones are written -l, -, -q, -f.