Negativicutes

The Negativicutes are a class of bacteria in the phylum Bacillota, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Bacillota.^[1] Although several neighbouring Clostridia species (firmicute bacteria) also stain gram-negative, the proteins responsible for the unusual diderm structure of the Negativicutes may have actually been laterally acquired from Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria).^[1][2][3][4] Additional research is required to confirm the origin of the diderm cell envelope in the Negativicutes.

Negativicutes
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Bacillati
Phylum:	Bacillota
Class:	Negativicutes Marchandin et al. 2010
Orders and families
Selenomonadales Selenomonadaceae Sporomusaceae Acidaminococcales Acidaminococcaceae Veillonellales Veillonellaceae
Synonyms
"Selenomonadia" Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016 "Selenobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 1992 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006

Most members of this class are obligate anaerobes, and occur in habitats such as rivers, lakes, and the intestines of vertebrates. They range from spherical forms, such as Megasphaera and Veillonella, to curved rods, as typified by the selenomonads. Selenomonas has a characteristic crescent shape, with flagella inserted on the concave side, while Sporomusa is similar, but nonmotile. Their names refer to this distinctive morphology: selene means moon, and musa means banana.^[5]

Taxonomy

The class currently consists of 32 validly named genera across three orders and four families.^[6][7] The orders Veillonellales and Acidaminococcales each contain a single family, Veillonellaceae and Acidaminococcaceae, respectively, while the order Selenomonadales contains two families, Selenomonadaceae and Sporomusaceae.^[7]

Molecular signatures

Historically, the Negativicutes consisted of a single order, the Selenomonadales, and two families, Veillonellaceae and Acidaminococcaceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity.^[8][5] However, these groupings did not include several members within the Negativicutes that branched outside of the two families. The current taxonomic view is inclusive of these members who have been validly assigned to the families Selenomonadaceae and Sporomusaceae within the emended Selenomonadales order.^[7] Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and proteins (CSPs) justify the present taxonomic divisions. These molecular markers are found at each taxonomic rank, and their distribution is in agreement with the observed phylogenetic branching.^[9][10]

Many works have implicated that the Negativicutes should be reclassified as an order within the class Clostridia, based on close phylogenetic branching, and the observation that the spore-forming members of the Negativicutes share similar sporulation genes as the Clostridia, and that both stain gram-negative.^[9][10] However, the heterogeneity of members within the Negativicutes, as well as the distribution of molecular signatures, supports the view that the Negativicutes are in fact an independent class within the Bacillota, with Clostridia as their closest phylogenetic neighbours.^{[5][10][11][12]} Additionally, several CSIs and CSPs have been found to be uniquely shared among all Negativicutes, while no CSIs have been found to be shared by both Negativicutes and Clostridia.^[7]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[13] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[14]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[15][16][17]

120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[18][19][20]

Acidaminococcales Acidaminococcaceae Succinispira Acidaminococcus Phascolarctobacterium Phascolarctobacterium faecium Succiniclasticum Selenomonadales Sporomusaceae Pelorhabdus Anaerosporomusa Sporolituus Thermosinus Anaeromusa Anaeroarcus Pelosinus Lucifera Propionispora Anaerospora Dendrosporobacter Acetonema Methylomusa Sporomusa Veillonellaceae Veillonella Negativicoccus Dialister [incl. Allisonella] Megasphaera [incl. Anaeroglobus] Selenomonadaceae Anaerosinus Strömpl et al. 1999 Propionispira Megamonas Pectinatus Selenomonas~1 [incl. Centipeda] Anaerovibrio Schwartzia Selenomonas [incl. Mitsuokella; Selenomastix]

Veillonellales Negativicoccaceae Negativicoccus Marchandin et al. 2010 Dialisteraceae Dialister Bergey et al. 1923 ex Moore & Moore 1994 [incl. Allisonella] Dialister species-grooup 2 Megasphaeraceae Megasphaera_C "Caecibacter" Ricaboni et al. 2017 Megasphaera paucivorans Juvonen & Suihko 2006 Anaeroglobus Carlier et al. 2002 Megasphaera Rogosa 1971 Veillonellaceae Veillonella Prévot 1933 Acidaminococcales Succinispiraceae Succinispira Janssen and O'Farrell 1999 Acidaminococcaceae "Ca. Avacidaminococcus" Gilroy et al. 2021 Acidaminococcus Rogosa 1969 Phascolarctobacterium Del Dot et al. 1994 Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens Watanabe et al. 2012 Succiniclasticum van Gylswyk 1995 Sporomusales_A Acetonemaceae Anaerosporomusa Choi et al. 2016 Acetonema Kane and Breznak 1992 UPPP01 "Luciferaceae" Lucifera Sanchez-Andrea et al. 2018 Sporomusales C DSM‑15969 Anaerospora Woo et al. 2005 Thermosinaceae Thermosinus Sokolova et al. 2004 [Sporolituus Ogg and Patel 2009] "Sporomusales" Sporomusaceae Methylomusa Amano et al. 2018 Sporomusa Möller et al. 1985 UMGS1260 UMGS1260 Pelorhabdus Grässle et al. 2022 DSM‑13327 "Pelosinaceae" Pelosinus Shelobolina et al. 2007 Propionisporales Propionisporaceae Propionispora Biebl et al. 2001 Anaeromusales Anaeromusaceae Anaeromusa Baena et al. 1999 (incl. Anaeroarcus Strömpl et al. 1999) "Dendrosporobacterales" Dendrosporobacteraceae Dendrosporobacter Strömpl et al. 2000 Selenomonadales "Massilibacillaceae" "Massilibacillus" Tidjani Alou et al. 2017 ICN‑92133 Selenobaculum Yeo et al. 2024 Selenomonadaceae Propionispira Schink et al. 1983 Megamonas Shah and Collins 1983 Pectinatus Lee et al. 1978 Schwartzia Gylswyk et al. 1997 Selenomonas s.s. von Prowazek 1913 Anaerovibrio Hungate 1966 Quinella Krumholz et al. 1993 Centipeda Lai et al. 1983 Selenomonas bovis Zhang & Dong 2009 Selenomastix Woodcock & Lapage 1913 Mitsuokella Shah & Collins 1983

See also

• List of bacterial orders
• List of bacteria genera