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New York City directories

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The New-York Directory, published in 1786, was the first extant directory for New York City and the third published in the United States. It listed 846 names. A year earlier, the first two in the country were published in Philadelphia – the first, compiled by Francis White, was initially printed October 27, 1785,[1][2][3] and the second, compiled by John Macpherson (1726–1792), was initially printed November 22, 1785.[4][5][6]

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Timeline and highlights

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1624: New Amsterdam, a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan, in 1624, became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province in 1625.
1655: Arguably, the first New York City directory was A Directory for the City of New York in 1665, a list of mostly Dutch householders, men and women, in New Amsterdam, arranged according to the streets they lived on.
1725: As a milestone in publishing, the first newspaper in the State of New York, the New-York Gazette, was published on November 8, 1725, in Manhattan.
1752: January 1, 1752 – calendar reform – the Gregorian calendar, intended to more accurately reflect a solar year, replaced the Julian calendar throughout Britain. The first day of a new year changed from March 25 to January 1. In doing so, the calendar dropped 11 days, beginning September 14, 1752, the date that immediately followed September 2. For dates prior to 1752, historians henceforth added 11 days. For example, George Washington's birthday – February 11 on a Julian calendar – became February 22.
1776: July 4, 1776 – U.S. Declaration of Independence
1783: September 3, 1783 – End of the American Revolutionary War
1786–1787: The New York Directory (republished 1851 copy)[7] was compiled and published by David Franks (né David Carroll Franks) and printed by Shepard Kollock (1750–1839). The listings are categorized by profession and appear in alphabetical order by first name. By coincidence, on page 63, the listing of Alexander Hamilton immediately follows that of Aaron Burr, who, on July 11, 1804, mortally wounded Hamilton in a duel – famously reenacted in the Broadway musical Hamilton.

Franks was an accountant and conveyancer. In 1788, he petitioned for relief from creditors due to insolvency.[8]

1783: Book of Negroes (§ Other directories and city references)

Sir Guy Carleton, who from 1782 to 1783 was Commander-in-Chief of all British forces in North America, kept careful records – names and descriptions of 3,000 Black Loyalists, most of whom had been freed in accordance with British proclamations. As Commander, in fulfilling the Crown's promise of freedom to slaves who joined the British during the Revolution, Carleton provided Washington with the list, which became known as the Book of Negroes. Of those listed, 2,800 were from New York City – 1,136 men, 914 women, and 750 children – most of whom were evacuated to points in Nova Scotia as free people of color. (related article: Black Nova Scotians)[9]

1788: No directory published.
1789–1790: The New York Directory, and Register was published by Hodge, Allen & Campbell[10]

Robert Hodge (1746–1813) (editor) immigrated to America from Edinburgh in 1770 and opened a printing office in New York in 1773.[11]

Thomas Allen (1754–1826)[12] (editor) was a bookseller in New York from 1786 to 1799. In 1789, he offered for sale the first Encyclopædia Britannica in America. Samuel Campbell (1765–1836)[13][14] (editor) was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He had been, from about 1785 to 1822, a bookseller in New York, his final location being at 124 Pearl Street.[15]

His father, Samuel Campbell (1735–1813) acquired around 120 acres in Springfield, New Jersey (an area that has since become part of Millburn, New Jersey), about 16 miles from New York City, where he built a home and, in 1795, built The Thistle Paper Mill, the site on which, today, sits the Paper Mill Playhouse. Samuel Campbell, the son, married twice, to sisters – first, on December 14, 1886, to Eliza Duyckinck (1765–1798) – second, on July 24, 1799, to Euphame Duyckinck (1771–1847). Both were aunts of writers Evert Augustus Duyckinck (1816–1878) and George Long Duyckinck (1823–1863), who were brothers. Hodge, Allen, and Campbell, together, owned a bookstore, but Allen sold his interest to Hodge and Campbell in 1790. In 1792, Hodge and Campbell went their separate ways in bookselling – Hodge at 11 Water Street and Campbell at 37 Hanover Square. Campbell's brother, Robert (1767–1800) was a notable bookseller in Philadelphia. Robert is cited for having published texts that contributed to the American Enlightenment.[16]

1790: The first sidewalks were laid on Broadway, between Vesey and Murray Streets.
1791–1795: The New-York Directory and Register published – William Duncan (–1795) (compiler); John McComb (1763–1853) (cartographer); Cornelius Tiebout (1777–1832) (engraver); T. & J. Swords (printer) (§ New York City (Manhattan) directories)

Thomas Swords (1763–1843) and James Swords (1765–1846), Albany-born brothers, founded and ran the firm in New York City from 1788 to 1832, when Thomas retired.[17] A daughter of Thomas Swords, Elizabeth Davidson Swords (1804–1833), on June 8, 1824, in Manhattan, married John Evers (1797–1884), an artist and one of the founders of the National Academy of Design.

1796: John Low (1763–1809)

John Buel (1768–1800)[18][a] (printer), corner of Water Street and Fly Market (in the 17th century, located at the bottom of Maiden Lane)[19]

John Bull[20][b] (printer), 115 Cherry Street (1795–1797); 407 Pearl Street (1797)[21]

In 1796, John Low published his directory and in 1797, he established his bookstore in New York, called "Shakespeare's Head" at 332 Water Street, later, at 33 (1804–1808) and at 17 (1813–1819) Chatham Street (now known as Park Row), and after that, at 48 Vesey Street (around 1825). When John Low Sr. died, his wife, Esther Prentiss (maiden; 1762–1816), and sons, John Low Jr. (1790–1829), and Thomas P. Low (1795–1818), continued operating the bookstore. Other imprints from his firm were used, including "E. Low," which reflects the name of his wife, Esther. One of John Low's granddaughters, Elizabeth Hannah Remington (maiden, never married; 1826–1917), was, until about 1897, one of the best known pastel artists in the country.[22]

1796–1817: David Longworth (1765?–1821)

In 1805, Longworth's directory listed 291 shoemakers in New York City, second only to carpentry in total practitioners. Longworth's 1805 directory also listed a variety of men from other trades, including four each identified as bakers, carpenters, hairdressers, and tailors, three each as blacksmiths, butchers, printers, and sailmakers, and seventeen other crafts such as a wire-maker, stone-ware potter, a tin and copper worker, a venetian blind manufacturer, and a cooper. Only three non-skilled subscribers appeared: a cartman named Josiah Corrington and two laborers, Abraham Day, and Peter Winthrop. In a study of readership of The New-York Magazine, David Paul Nord found in a random sample of the 1790 New York Directory that shoemakers comprised 14.7 percent of the artisan population in New York City.[23][24]

Directories compiled by David Longworth began referencing the United States calendar (aka National calendar), from July 4, 1776. For example, a book published today, 14 August 2025, would be expressed as "The two hundred and forty-ninth Year of American Independence."

1804: John Langdon and Son, 32 Vesey Street, grocers and directory makers (1804)

32 Vesey Street, office of Langdon's Early and Cheap Directory (1804) William W. Vermilye (1780–1849) (printer)

1811: New York street grid system established (Commissioners' Plan of 1811)
1817–1842: Thomas Longworth (1788–1855)

New York City directories, commencing with Longworth's 1832 edition, provides lists of newspapers published in New York City. (Mercein's city directory of 1820 also provides a list of newspapers in New York City).

1817–1842: The last slaves in New York City were freed
1835: Great Fire of New York
1837: Panic of 1837 (financial crisis)
1830–1840: Edwin Williams (1797–1854) compiled two directories: (i) The New-York Annual Register (10 Volumes, from 1830 to 1845), and (ii) New-York As It Is (for about 3 years, beginning 1833).

One of his printers, Benjamin S. Collins (né Benjamin Say Collins; 1784–1857) – of Collins & Hannay – was a son of Isaac Collins, pioneering printer from New York City.

Benjamin S. Collins and Samuel Hannay were partners as booksellers from 1817 to 1831. Thereafter, the business continued by Hannay and George B. Collins (1807–1854), the only surviving son of Charles Collins (1774–1843), Benjamin's brother.[25] Samuel Hannay had also been a corporate secretary for the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, chartered on April 12, 1842, by Alfred Pell and Morris Robinson (1784–1849) (president). Hannay died in 1849.

1833–18??: New York As It Is, first published in 1833, was in 1848 the namesake of a New York musical (re: New York As It Is), written by Benjamin A. Baker (1818–1890) and produced by Frank S. Chanfrau (1824–1884) at the Chatham Theatre on Chatham Street (now Park Row), starring Frank Chanfrau and Mrs. Junius Brutus Booth.[26]
1850–1855: In 1842, the Croton Aqueduct was completed, which supplied fresh water to New York City.
1842–1849: John Doggett Jr. (1807–1852)

1845: Doggett issued a supplement, needed because of the Great Fire of July 19, updating address changes.

One of his printers, Seth Williston Benedict (1803–1869), was an influential member of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for whom he published The Emancipator (1835: New York)[27] and other publications.

1850–1855: In 1849, after years of haphazard planning and a series of deadly cholera outbreaks in other countries, New York City started systematically building sewers. Between 1850 and 1855, New York laid 70 miles of sewers.
See:
1846–1860 cholera pandemic (global)
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak (London)
High Bridge (New York City)
1850–1851: Charles Rudolph Rode (1825–1865), of Doggett & Rode
1852–1870: John F. Trow (1810–1886)
(§ New York City (Manhattan) directories)
(§ Great Metropolis directories)
(§ Copartnership directories)
(§ Business directories)

Henry Wilson, compiler of the earlier Trow directories, was a bookseller and publisher of The Book Trade.[28] His business address in 1852 was at 49 Ann Street. The 1879 Trow directory stated that Henry Wilson had no connection to the directory.[29]

1859: John Christopher Gobright (né Gobrecht) of Baltimore began publishing The New-York Sketch Book; and Merchants' Guide. He and John W. Torsch (1834–1898), also of Baltimore, earlier, in 1857, began publishing The Baltimore Illustrated Times and Local Gazette.
(§ Business directories)
White, Orr and Company, the principals being James H. White, John F. White, Michael White (brothers), and William B. Orr, allegedly purchased the Phillips directories business. But the three brothers and Orr were indicted by a New York County grand jury and arrested on December 30, 1921, on charges of grand larceny (or second degree larceny) for collecting advertising fees for directories never published, other than the two published.[30] The alleged amount that they swindled reached four million dollars.[31]
(§ The Reference registers)

Spurious names of business directories, nationally, under which defendants allegedly conducted fraudulent collections included:[32]

  • Randall's Commercial Register
  • Lockwood's Reference Directory
  • Cushing's Directory
  • Livermore's Lexicon of Financial Firms
  • Howard's Handy Guide
  • Lloyd's Industrial Record
  • Parker's Annual Business Manual
  • McMillan's List of Manufacturers
  • Norcross Reference Book
  • Plymouth List of Jobbers (see jobber)
  • Odell's Official Directory

Similar attempts to fraudulently collect were common, even with Wilson's Directory.[33]

1861: For east-west cross streets on the grid system, Manhattan adopted the decimal system. Each block between two major avenues were assigned address numbers in increments of 100. The addresses on blocks between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, for example, took numbers 1 through 99 – between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, 100 through 199; and so on. Note that this did not unify address numbers for the avenues.[34]
1865: New York City draft riots
1865: End of the American Civil War
1870: Woolf Phillips (died 1916) began publishing the Phillips' Business Directory of New York City. In 1874, he began publishing Phillips' Élite Directory in the style of the Royal Court Guide of London.

Woolf Phillips was a brother of Morris Phillips (1834–1904), who had been associated with the poet, Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806–1867), as associate editor of the New York Home Journal from September 1854, until Willis' death, then became chief editor and sole proprietor. Morris Phillips, in America, became known as "the father of society news."[35]

One of the printers for Phillips, Frank Denham Harmon (1850–1907), had been married to Mary Eloise Burr (1856–1899), whose great-grandmother, Hannah Burr (née Edwards; 1723–1803) was a sister of Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758), the third president (in 1758) of Princeton. Princeton's second president (from 1748 to 1757), Aaron Burr Sr. (1716–1757), was a son-in-law, by way of marriage to Esther Edwards (maiden; 1732–1758), of Jonathan Edwards. Aaron Burr Sr., was also the father of Aaron Burr Jr. (1756–1836).

1871–1886: The Trow City Directory Company, John F. Trow, Vice President

In 1877, James Collis Jr. (1828–1898), vice president and shareholder of The Trow City Directory Company, filed a lawsuit against John F. Trow, shareholder and treasurer, and Edward P. Beach, shareholder and president. Beach was also a general railway agent for the Grand Trunk Railway, the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway, and the Great Western Railway.

John Libby was, in 1890, one of the four buyers of the block between 28th and 29th Streets and 14th and 15th Avenues in the Beechhurst neighborhood of Queens. This block was originally settled by employees of the Trow City Directory Company and was called for many years the "Trow Settlement." The house which was originally the Libby home, on the corner of 14th Avenue and 28thy Street, was later owned by Mrs. Charlotte Phayre.[36][37][38]

1874: The section of the Bronx west of the Bronx River was annexed to the City and the County of New York and was known as the Annexed District.
1878: The first New York City telephone directory was issued October 23, 1878, by Bell Telephone Company of New York. It was printed on cardboard and could fit in a vest pocket. It listed 252 names, of which, only 17 were residential – ten in Manhattan and five in Brooklyn.[39][40]
1883: The Brooklyn Bridge, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn, opened.
1888: During the Gilded Age, the Social Register was copyrighted by the Social Register Association. The first volume appeared for New York City in 1888. There were less than two thousand families listed.
1889: The Tower Building, arguably New York City's first skyscraper, was completed.
1898: On January 1, 1898, New York City absorbed East Bronx, Brooklyn, western Queens County, and Staten Island.
1904: The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27, 1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line.
1905: Winthrop Press re-printed the 1786 directory. John Henry Eggers (1861–1944) founder and president of Winthrop. Eggers was the father of World War I hero Alan Louis Eggers.[41]
1905: Samuel DeWitt Styles (1841–1910) and Alexander Cash (1839–1910), printers of the Union League Club publications, were brothers-in-law. Cash, in 1866, married Sam Styles's sister, Sarah Catharine Styles (1843–1906). Cash also was a maternal uncle of architect George Oakley Totten Jr., who, in 1921, married Swedish-born sculptor Vicken von Post.
(§ Society directories, including social registers)
1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
(March 25, 1911)
1911: The 1911–1912 edition of the Directory of Directors in the City of New York (§ Directories of directors) shows railway executive William C. Brown (né William Carlos Brown; 1853–1924) in 95 companies (railway subsidiaries) and J.P. Morgan in 65.[42]
1928: Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered
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Selected New York City (Manhattan) directories (online)

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New York City (Manhattan) directories

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Great Metropolis directories

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Business directories

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Copartnership directories

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Tax records

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Citizens and strangers' guides

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Route and city guides

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Charities, social services, and church directories

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Public education directories

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Directories of directors

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Printing Trades Blue Book

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Elite directories

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Annual registers

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The Reference registers

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Maps and atlases

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New York City medical directories

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Railway and other public transit references

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Society directories, including social registers

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Early Harlem history (16th and 17th centuries)

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Unions

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Greater New York dictionaries

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New York City Corporation documents

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Military directories

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Genealogical societies

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New York State directories

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State lawyer directories

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State medical directories

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Surrounding area travel guides

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The Eno Collection of New York City Views

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Architects in Practice, New York City

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National directory of architects

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Other directories and city references

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Old Merchants of New York City

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New York history bibliography and biographical references

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, compiled by a special committee ...

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Selected New York City directories not found online

Wilson's
  1. Wilson's Directory of New York City (1849–1850)
  2. Wilson's Directory of New York City (1850–1851)
  3. Wilson's Directory of New York City (1852–1853)

  1. Wilson's Illustrated Guide New York, NY (1849)
  2. Wilson's Illustrated Guide to the Hudson River (1849)

  1. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City 91848–1851)
  2. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City (1851)
  3. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City (1853–1854)
  4. Wilson's Business Directory (1855)
  5. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City (1856)
  6. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City (1857–1858)
  7. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City (1858)
  8. Wilson's Business Directory of New York City (1859)
  9. Wilson's Business Directory for New York City (1860)

  1. Wilson's New York City Copartnership Directory (1855–1856)
  2. Wilson's New York City Copartnership Directory (1856–1857)
  3. Wilson's New York City Copartnership Directory (1857–1858)
  4. Wilson's New York City Copartnership Directory (1958–1859)
  5. Wilson's New York City Copartnership Directory (1859–1860)
  6. Wilson's New York City Copartnership Directory (1860–1861)
Trow's
  1. Trow's New York City Directory (1853–1854)
  2. Trow's New York City Directory (1854–1855)
  3. Trow's New York City Directory (1855–1856)
  4. Trow's New York City Directory (1856–1857)
  5. Trow's New York City Directory (1857–1858)
  6. Trow's New York City Directory (1858–1859)
  7. Trow's New York City Directory (1859–1860)
  8. Trow's New York City Directory (1860–1861)
Longworth's American Almanack, New-York Register, and City Directory
  1.      20th Year of American Independence (1796)
  2.      21st          "               "          (1797)
  3.      22nd         "               "           (1798)
  4.      23rd          "               "           (1799)
  5.      24th          "               "           (1800)
Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory
  1.      25th          "               "           (1801)
  2.      26th          "               "           (1802)
  3.      27th          "               "           (1803)
  4.      28th          "               "           (1804)
  5.      29th          "               "           (1805)
  6.      31st          "               "           (1806)
  7.      32nd         "               "           (1807)
  8.      33rd          "               "           (1808)
  9.      34th          "               "           (1809)
  10.      35th          "               "           (1810)
  11.      36th          "               "           (1811)
  12.      37th          "               "           (1812)
  13.      38th          "               "           (1813)
  14.      39th          "               "           (1814)
  15.      40th          "               "           (1815)
  16.      41st          "               "           (1816)
  17.      42nd         "               "           (1817)
  18.      43rd          "               "           (1818)
  19.      44th          "               "           (1819)
  20.      45th          "               "           (1820)
  21.      46th          "               "           (1821)
  22.      47th          "               "           (1822)
  23.      48th          "               "           (1823)
  24.      49th          "               "           (1824)
  25.      50th          "               "           (1825)
  26.      51st          "               "           (1826)

  1. Longworth's American Almanack, New York Register, and City Directory (1819–1842)
  2. Longworth's New York Register and City Directory 1818
Doggett's New York City Directory
  1. Doggett's New York City Directory (1845–1846)
  2. Doggett's New York City Directory (1850–1851)
  3. Doggett's New York City Directory (1848–1849)
  4. Doggett's New York City Directory (1850–1851)

  1. New York City and Co-Partnership Directory (1843–1844)
  2. Doggett's New York City Co-partnership Directory (1846–1847)
  3. Doggett's New York City Partnership Directory (1849–1850)

  1. Doggett's New York City Street Directory 1851

  1. Doggett's New York Business Directory 1846–1847
Rode's
  1. Rode's New York City Directory (1850–1851)
  2. Rode's New York Directory (1852–1853)
  3. New York City Directory, The (12th ed.), Charles R. Rode 1853–1854
  4. New York City Directory, The (13th ed.), Charles R. Rode 1854–1855

  1. Rode's New York City Partnership Directory (1852–1853)
  2. Rode's New York and Brooklyn Partnership Directory (1853–1854)

  1. Rode's New York City Business Directory (1854–1855)
Citizen and Stranger's Guide
  1. Citizens Directory and Strangers Guide (1814)
  2. Citizen and Strangers' Pictorial and Business Directory (1853)
  3. Directory for Citizens and Strangers (1860)
Guide books: Taintor's Route and City Guides
  1. City of New York, The (1867)
  2. City of New York, The (1876)
  3. City of New York, The (1884)
  4. City of New York, The (1885)
Other
  1. 1665 (title page missing)
  2. 1666–1785 (none published)
  3. New York Directory 1786
  4. New York Directory 1787
  5. 1788 (none published)
  6. New York Directory and Register for the Year 1789–1796
  7. New Trade Directory for New York anno 1800
  8. John Langdon and Son's New York City Directory 1804–1805
  9. Jones's New York Mercantile and General Directory 1805
  10. Alphabetical Table of the Situation and Extent of the Different Streets ... 1807–1808
  11. Elliot & Crissy's New York Directory 1811
  12. Elliot's Improved New York Double Directory 1812
  13. New York As It Is 1833–1835, 1837, 1839–1849
  14. Classified Mercantile Directory 1837
  15. New York Business Directory 1840/41, 1841/42, 1844/45 (1842/43 t.p. missing)
  16. Street Directory of the City of New York 1843
  17. New York City Co-Partnership Directory 1844
  18. New York City Directory 1844–1845
  19. 1845 (t.p. missing)
  20. United States Statistical Directory or Merchants' and Travellers' Guide With a Wholesale Business Directory of New York 1847
  21. Merchant's Business director[y] and Stranger's Guide 1847–1848
  22. 1847/48 (t.p. missing)
  23. New York Mercantile Register 1848–1849
  24. Map of the City and County of New York 1849–1850
  25. New York, NY List of Persons 1850
  26. A Map of the City and County of New York 1850
  27. New York City Directory 1851–1852
  28. School Directory of the City of New York 1856
  29. New York City Mercantile and Manufacturers' Business Directory for the Year Ending May 1, 1857. New York: West, Lee & Bartlett, 335 Broadway (publisher). Mason Brothers (printer). 1857. LCCN 24-16071; OCLC 7928448 (all editions).
  30. Boyd's Pictorial Directory of Broadway 1859
  31. Deutscher Wegweiser durch New York und Umgegend, Tamsen & Dethleffs (eds.), 1884
  32. Murphy's Business Directory for 1888
  33. Holt's New-York Register, for 1804 Charles Holt (1772–1852) (printer & publisher); OCLC 926764796[f][g]
  34. Holt's New-York Register, for 1806
  35. New-York Commercial List Containing the Names and Occupations of Principal Merchants, T.P. Richards (compiler), William W. Rose (printer) (1853); OCLC 39693790
  36. Twitt's Directory of Prominent Business Men in New-York, Twitt & Co. (James Twitt) (publisher) (1858); OCLC 42139312
  37. Foster's Account of the Conflagration of the Principal Part of the First Ward of the City of New-York, Benjamin F. Foster, C. Foster (1835); OCLC 58760647, 878533663[h]
  38. Gem, or Fashionable Business Directory, George Shidell (printer) (1844); OCLC 795892391, 6118657, 1066533846
  39. Who's Who in Harlem, Magazine & Periodical Printing & Pub. Co., Inc. (1950); OCLC 10143688
  40. Who's Who in Harlem: the 1949–1950 biographical register of a group of distinguished persons of New York's Harlem, Alexandria, Virginia: Chadwyck-Healey (1987); OCLC 23852901
  41. Stucker's Classified Business and Professional Directory, by Henri T. Stucker, New York: Henri T. Publishing Co., (1945–  ); OCLC 907663199
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