Outline of the Java programming language

What type of language is Java?

Programming language — artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.
Object-oriented programming — built primarily around objects and classes.
Class-based language — types and code are organized into classes.
Compiled language — source code is compiled to an intermediate form (Java bytecode).
Interpreted language — bytecode is executed by a Java virtual machine, which typically performs just-in-time.
General-purpose programming language — designed for a wide variety of application domains.
Statically typed — type checking is performed at compile-time.
Strongly typed language — enforces strict type rules at compile time.
Concurrent language — built-in support for multithreading and concurrency utilities.^[4]

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History of Java

Issues and limitations

Abstraction from hardware — students miss low-level cost models
Array limitations — capped size and no true multidimensional arrays
Checked exceptions — criticized as verbose and largely abandoned by other languages
Floating-point limitations — incomplete IEEE 754 support
Generics via type erasure — limits expressiveness and caused unsoundness bugs
Java performance — early implementations were slow compared to C/C++
Primitive vs. object divide — forces code duplication in libraries
Serialization — widely seen as a serious security risk
Lack of tuples — requires awkward workarounds or third-party libraries
Licensing and governance controversies — Sun Microsystems acquisition by Oracle and subsequent litigation
No operator overloading — makes math-heavy code less readable
Potential sources of security vulnerabilities in Java applications
Project Valhalla (missing value types) — inefficiency due to everything being objects
Security vulnerabilities — repeated sandbox escapes and exploit waves
Unsigned integer types — problematic for cryptography and C interop
Weak parallelism — monitors criticized as insecure and unreliable^[13]^[14]

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What type of language is Java?