Ovarian tumor

Ovarian tumors, or ovarian neoplasms, are tumors in the ovary.^[1] Not all are ovarian cancer.^[1] They consist of mainly solid tissue, while ovarian cysts contain fluid.^[2]

Gross pathology of an ovarian carcinoma.

In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) divided ovarian tumours as 90% epithelial, 3% germ cell, and 2% sex cord-stromal types.^[3]

Histopathologic classification

Ovarian tumors by incidence and risk of ovarian cancer^[4]

Further information: Ovarian cancer

Tumor of the ovary vary remarkably as they may arise from any of the 3 cell types of the normal ovary.

Ovarian tumors are classified according to the histology of the tumor, obtained in a pathology report. Histology dictates many aspects of clinical treatment, management, and prognosis.

The most common forms are:

Type	Subtype	Relative incidence[5]	Percent malignant[5]	Comments	Micrograph
Germ cell tumor	Mature cystic teratoma	46.0%	0.17% to 2%[6]	Cystic, with elements of all 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm).[7]	Hair follicles.
	Immature teratoma	2.5%	100%	A teratoma that contains anaplastic immature elements, and is often synonymous with malignant teratoma.[8]
	Other germ cell tumors	3.0%		Others mainly include dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, struma ovarii and squamous cell carcinoma arising from a dermoid cyst, and malignant mixed germ cell tumor.[5]
Surface epithelial-stromal tumor	Serous tumor	25%	18.5%	Benign serous tumors of the right ovarian cyst are thinwalled unilocular cysts that are lined by ciliated pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium.[9]
	Mucinous tumor	15%	8.8%	Benign mucinous tumors of the ovary consist of simple, nonstratified columnar epithelium with basally-located hyperchromatic nuclei and resemble gastric foveolar epithelium.[9]
	Endometrioid tumor	1%	Almost 100%	Tubular glands, resembling endometrium.[10]
	Other surface-epithelial tumors	1.5%		Others include mainly malignant mixed Müllerian tumor, Brenner tumor and mixed epithelial tumor.[5]	Brenner tumor.
Sex cord-stromal tumor	Ovarian fibroma	1.5%	0%	Spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells and abundant collagen.[11]
	Adult granulosa cell tumor	1%	Almost 100%	Small, bland, cuboidal to polygonal cells in various patterns.[12]
	Other sex cord-stromal tumors	1%		Others include mainly juvenile granulosa cell tumor, thecoma and sclerosing stromal tumor[5]
Secondary/metastatic) tumor		2%	100%	Usually from breast cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, stomach cancer or cervical cancer.[13]

Mixed tumors contain elements of more than one of the above classes of tumor histology.

History

An 1882 article appearing in Scientific American mentions the case of a patient at University of Pennsylvania Hospital when Dr. William Goodell removed a 112 lbs tumor from a 31 year old patient, who weighted 75 lbs after removal from the tumor.^[14]

See also

• International Ovarian Tumor Analysis trial