Quechumaran languages

Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.^[1] Terrence Kaufman^[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.^[3] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.^[4]

Quechumaran
(controversial)
Geographic distribution	Andes
Linguistic classification	Proposed language family
Subdivisions	Quechuan Aymaran
Language codes
Glottolog	None

Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.^[5]

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)^[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.

Swadesh lists

100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):^[7]

no.	gloss	Proto-Quechuan	Proto-Aymaran
1.	I	*ya-qa	*na-ya
2.	you	*qam	*huma
3.	we	*ya-qa-nčik	*hiwa-sa
4.	this	*kay	*aka
5.	that	*čay	*uka
6.	who?	*pi	*qači
7.	what?	*ima	*qu
8.	not	*mana	*hani
9.	all	*λapa	*taqi
10.	many	*ačka	*aλuqa
11.	one	*ŝuk	*maya
12.	two	*iŝkay	*paya
13.	big	*hatu(n)	*haĉ’a
14.	long	*suni	*suni
15.	small	*učuk	*hisk’a
16.	woman	*warmi	*marmi
17.	man	*qari	*čača
18.	person	*runa	*haqi
19.	fish	*čaλwa	*čǎλwa
20.	bird	*pisqu	*amač’i
21.	dog	*aλqu	*anu(qa)
22.	louse	*usa	*lap’a
23.	tree	*maλki	*quqa
24.	seed	*muhu	*atʰa
25.	leaf	*rapra	*lapʰi
26.	root	*sapʰi	*asu
27.	bark	*qara	*siλp’i
28.	skin	*qara	*lip’iči
29.	flesh	*ayča	*hanči
30.	blood	*yawar	*wila
31.	bone	*tuλu	*ĉ’aka
32.	grease	*wira	*lik’i
33.	egg	*runtu / *ruru	*k’awna
34.	horn	*waqra	*waqra
35.	tail	*ĉupa	*wič’inkʰa
36.	feather	*pʰuru	*pʰuyu
37.	hair	*aqča / *čukča	*nik’uĉa
38.	head	*uma	*p’iqi
39.	ear	*rinri	*hinču
40.	eye	*ñawi	*nawra
41.	nose	*sinqa	*nasa
42.	mouth	*simi	*laka
43.	tooth	*kiru	*laka ĉ’akʰa
44.	tongue	*qaλu	*laqra
45.	claw	*ŝiλu	*šiλu
46.	foot	*ĉaki	*kayu
47.	knee	*qunqur	*qhunquru
48.	hand	*maki	*ampara
49.	belly	*paĉa / *wiksa	*puĉa(ka)
50.	neck	*kunka	*kunka
51.	breasts	*ñuñu	*ñuñu
52.	heart	*ŝunqu	*čuyma
53.	liver	*k’ipĉa(n)	*k’ipĉa
54.	drink	*upya-	*uma-
55.	eat	*mikʰu-	*manq’a- / *palu-
56.	bite	*kani-	*aĉu-
57.	see	*rikʰu-	*uλa-
58.	hear	*uya-	*iša-
59.	know	*yaĉa-	*yaĉi-
60.	sleep	*puñu-	*iki-
61.	die	*wañu-	*hiwa-
62.	kill	*wañu-či-	*hiwa-ya-
63.	swim	*wayt’a-	*tuyu-
64.	fly	*pʰaya-ri-	*hala-
65.	walk	*puri-	*sara- / *wasa-
66.	come	*ŝa-mu-	*huta-
67.	lie	*anĉ’a-ra-	*haqu-ši-
68.	sit	*taya-ku-	*uta-ĉ’a-
69.	stand	*ŝaya-ri-	*saya-
70.	give	*qu-	*čura-
71.	say	*ñi-	*saya-
72.	sun	*rupay	*lupi
73.	moon	*kiλa	*paqši
74.	star	*quyλur	*wara(wara)
75.	water	*yaku	*uma
76.	rain	*tamya / *para	*haλu
77.	stone	*rumi	*qala
78.	sand	*aqu	*č’aλa
79.	earth	*paĉa	*uraqi
80.	cloud	*pʰuyu / *pukutay	*qhinaya / *urpi
81.	smoke	*q’usñi / *quntay	*iwq’i
82.	fire	*nina	*nina
83.	ashes	*uĉpa	*qhiλa
84.	burn	*k’añay	*nak’a-
85.	path	*ñayani	*tʰaki
86.	mountain	*urqu	*quλu
87.	red	*puka	*čupika
88.	green	*q’umir / *ĉiqya(q)	*č’uqña
89.	yellow	*q’iλu / *qarwa	*tuyu
90.	white	*yuraq	*anq’u
91.	black	*yana	*ĉ’iyara
92.	night	*tuta	*aruma
93.	hot	*q’unu	*hunĉ’u
94.	cold	*čiri	*tʰaya
95.	full	*hunta	*pʰuqa
96.	new	*muŝuq	*mačaqa
97.	good	*aλi	*aski
98.	round	*muyu	*muruqu
99.	dry	*čaki	*waña
100.	name	*suti	*suti

Further reading

• Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. Language, 44:528-55.